Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages
| Esmeralda–Yaruro | |
|---|---|
| (proposed) | |
| Geographic distribution | Venezuela, Ecuador |
| Linguistic classification | Proposed language family |
| Subdivisions | |
| Language codes | |
| Glottolog | None |
Esmeralda–Yaruro or Takame–Jarúroan is a proposed connection between two unclassified languages or language isolates of Venezuela and Ecuador respectively: Pumé (Llaruro, Yaruro, Yuapín), with 6,000 speakers, and the extinct Esmeralda (Esmeraldeño, Takame). The proposal was first advanced in 1902.[1] They would be only distantly related, but Kaufman (1990) finds the connection convincing, and Campbell (2012) believes the connection is promising.[2]
Vocabulary
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items in Esmeralda and Pumé.
gloss Esmeralda[3] Pumé[4] hair rarapo kü̃́ eye mula dachó nose ra-ausa (my) ĩbupuȩ́ tooth ra-ha, ra-ka jõdȩ́ mouth bassa dyá hand disa (my) ichí foot taha tá blood kar(k)a gué bone mu-kilsa jú person ilon o̧ãĩ́ name chinto kẽ́ dog kine (a)oré fish ki chṍ tree tá(k)te tó leaf rampide (?) to pjü̃dá water uivi, úvoi uí fire muka (with) kjõdȩ́ earth dó; dula dabú road dire nṍ eat enima jurá die ubale, ybale 'dead' jãbó
References
- ^ The Languages of the Andes (2004)
- ^ Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 978-3-11-025513-3.
- ^ Jijón y Caamaño, Jacinto. 1941. El Ecuador interandino y occidental antes de la conquista castellana, vol. 2. Quito: Editorial Ecuatoriana
- ^ Mosonyi, Esteban Emilio and Jorge Ramón García. 2000. Yaruro (Pumé). In Mosonyi, Esteban Emilio and Jorge Carlos Mosonyi (eds.), Manual de Lenguas Indígenas de Venezuela, 544-593. Caracas: Fundación Bigott.
- Kaufman, Terrence (1990). "Language History in South America: What we know and how to know more". In Doris L. Payne (ed.). Amazonian Linguistics. Austin: University of Texas Press.