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              <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">LaTeX</span></h1>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LATEX" redirects here. For the polymer, see <a href="Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a>. For LaTeX formatting on Wikipedia, see WP:FORMULA. For other uses, see <a href="Latex_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Latex (disambiguation)">Latex (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">LaTeX</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><img src="./_assets_/0c70a452f799bfe840676ee341124611/LaTeX_project_logo_bird.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="120" loading="lazy"></span><div class="infobox-caption">The LaTeX Project logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Leslie_Lamport" title="Leslie Lamport">Leslie Lamport</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">1984<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1984</span>)</span></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">November 2024 LaTeX release<sup id="cite_ref-wikidata-8849cc4b0fcde530cecd7519fcbfbb0cfcc35855-v20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikidata-8849cc4b0fcde530cecd7519fcbfbb0cfcc35855-v20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>&nbsp;<span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5310?uselang=en#P348" title="Edit this on Wikidata" class="external"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="./_assets_/c8f24dc75f9c782269c846c9b17e400f/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" loading="lazy"></a></span>
   / 1 November 2024<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1 November 2024</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="LaTeX_Project_Public_License" title="LaTeX Project Public License">LaTeX Project Public License</a> (LPPL)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latex-project.org">www<wbr>.latex-project<wbr>.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/latex3/latex2e">github<wbr>.com<wbr>/latex3<wbr>/latex2e</a></span> </li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table> 
<p><b>LaTeX</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>/</span></span> <i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LAH</span>-tech</i> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>/</span></span> <i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LAY</span>-tech</i>, to rhyme with "blech" or "<a href="Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), often stylized as <b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1304421816">
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.mw-parser-output .texhtml{font-family:"CMU Serif","cmr10","LMRoman10-Regular","Latin Modern Math","Nimbus Roman No9 L","Times New Roman","Times",serif}.mw-parser-output .texhtml-upper{text-transform:uppercase}.mw-parser-output .texhtml-smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output .texhtml-backwards{display:inline-block;transform:scaleX(-1)}.mw-parser-output .texhtml-a{font-size:0.75em;vertical-align:0.25em;margin-left:-0.36em;margin-right:-0.15em;line-height:1ex}.mw-parser-output .texhtml-bib{margin-right:-0.1ex}.mw-parser-output .texhtml-e{vertical-align:-0.25em;margin-left:-0.1667em;margin-right:-0.125em;line-height:1ex}.mw-parser-output .texhtml-e2{vertical-align:-0.5ex;margin-left:-0.1667em;margin-right:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .texhtml-lyx-y{text-transform:uppercase;vertical-align:-0.25em;margin:0 -0.25ex}.mw-parser-output .texhtml-epsilon{font-style:italic;vertical-align:-0.35em;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .texhtml-upsilon{margin-left:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.5ex;line-height:0;margin-right:-0.3em}


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</style><span class="texhtml" role="img" aria-label="LaTeX wordmark in serif font with traditional TeX typesetting">L<span class="texhtml-upper texhtml-a">a</span>T<span class="texhtml-upper texhtml-e">e</span>X</span></b>, is a <a href="Software_system" title="Software system">software system</a> for <a href="Typesetting" title="Typesetting">typesetting</a> documents,<sup id="cite_ref-Lamport1986_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamport1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the <a href="TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> typesetting system. LaTeX provides a high-level, descriptive markup language to use TeX more easily: TeX handles the document layout, while LaTeX handles the content side for document processing. Because the plain TeX formatting commands are elementary, it provides authors with ready-made commands for formatting and layout requirements such as chapter headings, footnotes, cross-references and bibliographies.
</p><p>LaTeX was originally written in the early 1980s by <a href="Leslie_Lamport" title="Leslie Lamport">Leslie Lamport</a> at <a href="SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current version is LaTeX2e, first released in 1994 and incrementally updated since 2015. This update policy replaced earlier plans for a separate release of LaTeX3, which had been in development since 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-Latex3planning_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latex3planning-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LaTeX is <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> and is distributed under the <a href="LaTeX_Project_Public_License" title="LaTeX Project Public License">LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Like TeX, LaTeX started as a writing tool for mathematicians and computer scientists, but from early in its development, it has also been taken up by scholars who needed to write documents that include complex math expressions or non-Latin scripts,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>, <a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>, and Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>In the early 1980s, Leslie Lamport was working at SRI, where he needed to write TeX macros for his own use. He thought that with a little extra effort, he could make a general package usable by others. Having done so, he released versions of his LaTeX macros in 1984 and 1985. Peter Gordon, an editor at <a href="Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>, convinced Lamport to write a LaTeX user's manual for publication. Lamport was initially skeptical that anyone would pay money for it,<sup id="cite_ref-Lamport2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamport2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it came out in 1986<sup id="cite_ref-Lamport1986_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamport1986-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sold hundreds of thousands of copies.<sup id="cite_ref-Lamport2018_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lamport2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 August 1989, at a TeX Users Group (TUG) meeting at Stanford, Lamport agreed to turn over maintenance and development of LaTeX to Frank Mittelbach. Mittelbach, along with Chris Rowley and Rainer Schöpf, formed the LaTeX3 team; in 1994, they released LaTeX2e, the current standard version. LaTeX3 has been discontinued as a separate format; since 2018, it has been a programming layer within LaTeX2e.<sup id="cite_ref-Latex3planning_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latex3planning-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typesetting_system">Typesetting system</h2></div>
<p>LaTeX attempts to follow the design philosophy of <a href="Separation_of_content_and_presentation" title="Separation of content and presentation">separating presentation from content</a>, so that authors can focus on the content of what they are writing without attending simultaneously to its visual appearance. In preparing a LaTeX document, the author specifies the logical structure using simple, familiar concepts such as <i>chapter</i>, <i>section</i>, <i>table</i>, <i>figure</i>, etc., and lets the LaTeX system handle the formatting and layout of these structures. As a result, it encourages the separation of the layout from the content – while still allowing manual typesetting adjustments whenever needed. This concept is similar to the mechanism by which many <a href="Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processors</a> allow styles to be defined globally for an entire document, or the use of <a href="Cascading_Style_Sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Cascading Style Sheets">Cascading Style Sheets</a> in styling HyperText Markup Language (<a href="HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>) documents.
</p><p>The LaTeX system is a <a href="Markup_language" title="Markup language">markup language</a> that handles typesetting and rendering,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can be arbitrarily extended by using the underlying <a href="Macro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Macro language">macro language</a> to develop custom macros such as new environments and commands. Such macros are often collected into <i>packages,</i> which could then be made available to address some specific typesetting needs such as the formatting of complex mathematical expressions or graphics (e.g., the use of the <code>align</code> environment provided by the <code>amsmath</code> package to produce aligned equations).
</p><p>To create a document in LaTeX, a user first creates a file, such as <code>document.tex</code>, typically using a <a href="Text_editor" title="Text editor">text editor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The user then gives their <code>document.tex</code> file as input to the TeX program (with the LaTeX macros loaded), which prompts TeX to write out a file suitable for onscreen viewing or printing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This write-format-preview cycle is one of the chief ways in which working with LaTeX differs from the <a href="WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get</a> (WYSIWYG) style of document editing. It is similar to the code-compile-execute cycle known to computer programmers. Today, many LaTeX-aware editing programs make this cycle a simple matter through the pressing of a single key while showing the output preview on the screen beside the input window. Some online LaTeX editors even automatically refresh the preview,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while other online tools provide incremental editing in-place, mixed in with the preview in a single window.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation_and_typography">Pronunciation and typography</h2></div>
<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="./_assets_/0c70a452f799bfe840676ee341124611/LaTeX_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="42" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="500" loading="lazy"><figcaption>The LaTeX wordmark, typeset with LaTeX's <code>\LaTeX</code> macro</figcaption></figure>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="TeX#Pronunciation_and_spelling" title="TeX">TeX §&nbsp;Pronunciation and spelling</a></div>
<p>The characters 'T', 'E', and 'X' in the name come from the <a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> <a href="Capital_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letter">capital letters</a> <a href="Tau" title="Tau">tau</a>, <a href="Epsilon" title="Epsilon">epsilon</a>, and <a href="Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">chi</a>, as the name of <a href="TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> derives from the <a href="Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">τέχνη</span> ('skill', 'art', 'technique'); for this reason, TeX's creator <a href="Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a> promotes its pronunciation as <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/x/: 'ch' in 'loch'">x</span></span>/</span></span> (<i title="English pronunciation respelling">tekh</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (that is, with a <a href="Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> as in Modern Greek, or the ch in <a href="Loch" title="Loch">loch</a>). Lamport remarks that "TeX is usually pronounced <i>tech</i>, making <i>lah</i>-tech, lah-<i>tech</i>, and <i>lay</i>-tech the logical choices; but language is not always logical, so <i>lay-tecks</i> is also possible."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The name is printed in running text with a typographical <a href="Logo" title="Logo">logo</a>: <span class="texhtml" role="img" aria-label="LaTeX wordmark in serif font with traditional TeX typesetting">L<span class="texhtml-upper texhtml-a">a</span>T<span class="texhtml-upper texhtml-e">e</span>X</span>. In media where the logo cannot be precisely reproduced in running text, the word is typically given the unique capitalization LaTeX. Alternatively, the TeX, LaTeX,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="XeTeX" title="XeTeX">XeTeX</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> logos can also be rendered via pure <a href="CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a> and <a href="XHTML" title="XHTML">XHTML</a> for use in graphical <a href="Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> – by following the specifications of the internal <code>\LaTeX</code> macro.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example">Example</h2></div>
<p>The example below shows the input to LaTeX and the corresponding output from the system:
</p>
<div class="noresize" style="overflow-x:auto">
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Input</th>
<th>Output
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-latex mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="k">\documentclass</span><span class="nb">{</span>article<span class="nb">}</span> <span class="c">% Starts an article</span>
<span class="k">\usepackage</span><span class="nb">{</span>amsmath<span class="nb">}</span> <span class="c">% Imports amsmath</span>
<span class="k">\title</span><span class="nb">{</span><span class="k">\LaTeX</span><span class="nb">}</span> <span class="c">% Title</span>

<span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>document<span class="nb">}</span> <span class="c">% Begins a document</span>
  <span class="k">\maketitle</span>
  <span class="k">\LaTeX</span><span class="nb">{}</span> is a document preparation system for
  the <span class="k">\TeX</span><span class="nb">{}</span> typesetting program. It offers
  programmable desktop publishing features and
  extensive facilities for automating most
  aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing,
  including numbering and cross-referencing,
  tables and figures, page layout,
  bibliographies, and much more. <span class="k">\LaTeX</span><span class="nb">{}</span> was
  originally written in 1984 by Leslie Lamport
  and has become the dominant method for using
  <span class="k">\TeX</span>; few people write in plain <span class="k">\TeX</span><span class="nb">{}</span> anymore.
  The current version is <span class="k">\LaTeXe</span>.

  <span class="c">% This is a comment, not shown in final output.</span>
  <span class="c">% The following shows typesetting power of LaTeX:</span>
  <span class="k">\begin</span><span class="nb">{</span>align<span class="nb">}</span>
    E<span class="nb">_</span>0 <span class="nb">&amp;</span>= mc<span class="nb">^</span>2 <span class="k">\\</span>
    E <span class="nb">&amp;</span>= <span class="k">\frac</span><span class="nb">{</span>mc<span class="nb">^</span>2<span class="nb">}{</span><span class="k">\sqrt</span><span class="nb">{</span>1-<span class="k">\frac</span><span class="nb">{</span>v<span class="nb">^</span>2<span class="nb">}{</span>c<span class="nb">^</span>2<span class="nb">}}}</span>
  <span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>align<span class="nb">}</span> 
<span class="k">\end</span><span class="nb">{</span>document<span class="nb">}</span>
</pre></div>
</td>
<td><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><img src="./_assets_/0c70a452f799bfe840676ee341124611/LaTeX_example.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="707" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_software">Related software</h2></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="./_assets_/0c70a452f799bfe840676ee341124611/CoCalc_tikz_diagrams.webp.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="2880" loading="lazy"><figcaption><a href="CircuiTikZ" title="CircuiTikZ">CircuiTikZ</a> and <a href="Tikz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikz">tikz</a>  diagrams created with <a href="CoCalc" title="CoCalc">CoCalc</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>As a macro package, LaTeX provides a set of macros for TeX to interpret. There are many other macro packages for TeX, including Plain TeX, <a href="GNU_Texinfo" class="mw-redirect" title="GNU Texinfo">GNU Texinfo</a>, <a href="AMSTeX" class="mw-redirect" title="AMSTeX">AMSTeX</a>, <a href="Chemfig" title="Chemfig">Chemfig</a>, chemmacros,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="PSTricks" title="PSTricks">PSTricks</a>, <a href="PSfrag" title="PSfrag">PSfrag</a>, and <a href="ConTeXt" title="ConTeXt">ConTeXt</a>.
</p><p>When TeX "compiles" a document, it follows (from the user's point of view) the following processing sequence: Macros → TeX → Driver → Output. Different implementations of each of these steps are typically available in TeX distributions. Traditional TeX will output a <a href="DVI_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVI (file format)">DVI</a> file, which is usually converted to a <a href="PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a> file. In 2000, Hàn Thế Thành and others wrote an implementation of TeX called <a href="PdfTeX" title="PdfTeX">pdfTeX</a>, which also outputs to <a href="PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> and takes advantage of features available in that format.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="XeTeX" title="XeTeX">XeTeX</a> engine developed by Jonathan Kew, on the other hand, merges modern font technologies and Unicode with TeX.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="LuaTeX" title="LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a> is an extended version of pdfTeX using Lua as an embedded scripting language.<sup id="cite_ref-luatex_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-luatex-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compatibility_and_converters">Compatibility and converters</h2></div>
<p>LaTeX documents (<code>*.tex</code>) can be opened with any text editor. They consist of plain text and contain no hidden formatting codes or <a href="Binary_file" title="Binary file">binary</a> information. TeX documents can also be shared by rendering the LaTeX file to other formats such as <a href="OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">OpenDocument</a>, <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a>, or class (<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">*.cls</code>) files. LaTeX can also (and commonly is) rendered to PDF files using the LaTeX extension pdfLaTeX. LaTeX files containing <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> text can be processed into PDFs with the <code>inputenc</code> package, or by the TeX extensions XeLaTeX and LuaLaTeX.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="TeX4ht" title="TeX4ht">TeX4ht</a> is a converter that can translate TeX and LaTeX documents to HTML and certain XML formats. It is now included preconfigured with all TeX distributions.</li>
<li>HeVeA is a converter written in <a href="OCaml" title="OCaml">OCaml</a> that converts LaTeX documents to <a href="HTML5" title="HTML5">HTML5</a>. This way, documents such as scientific papers, primarily typeset for printing, can be placed on the <a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> for online viewing. It is licensed under the <a href="Q_Public_License" title="Q Public License">Q Public License</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>LaTeX2HTML is a converter written in <a href="Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> that converts LaTeX documents to HTML. It is licensed under <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> v2.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest updates are available from Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (<a href="CTAN" title="CTAN">CTAN</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>LaTeX2RTF is a converter written in <a href="C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> that converts LaTeX documents to <a href="Rich_Text_Format" title="Rich Text Format">RTF</a>. It is licensed under GPL v2 or later.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="LaTeXML" title="LaTeXML">LaTeXML</a> is a converter written in Perl that converts LaTeX documents into a variety of XML-based formats, including HTML5 (with <a href="MathML" title="MathML">MathML</a>), <a href="EPub" class="mw-redirect" title="EPub">ePub</a> ebooks, <a href="Journal_Article_Tag_Suite" title="Journal Article Tag Suite">JATS</a>, and <a href="Text_Encoding_Initiative" title="Text Encoding Initiative">TEI</a>. It was developed at the <a href="National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> by <a href="Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">US Federal Government employees and is therefore in the public domain</a>. It is available for free.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Pandoc" title="Pandoc">Pandoc</a> is a "universal document converter" able to transform LaTeX (as well as other formats) into many different file formats, including HTML5, ePub, OpenDocument (<code>*.odt</code>), Microsoft <a href="Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">Office Open XML</a> (<code>*.docx</code>), and even text with <a href="MediaWiki#Markup" title="MediaWiki">MediaWiki markup</a> as used in <a href="Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>. It is licensed under GPL v2.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<p>LaTeX has become the <a href="De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard">de facto standard</a> to typeset mathematical expression in scientific documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaudeul2006_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaudeul2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, there are several conversion tools focusing on mathematical LaTeX expressions, such as converters to MathML or <a href="Computer_Algebra_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer Algebra System">Computer Algebra System</a>.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="MathJax" title="MathJax">MathJax</a> is a <a href="JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> library for converting LaTeX to MathML, picture formats including <a href="Scalable_Vector_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalable Vector Graphics">SVG</a> and <a href="Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a>, or HTML for embedding within a webpage.
<ul><li>The <a href="Wikimedia_Foundation" title="Wikimedia Foundation">Wikimedia Foundation</a> uses MathJax to build Mathoid, a <a href="Web_service" title="Web service">web service</a> that uses <a href="Node.js" title="Node.js">Node.js</a> to render math that is used in Wikipedia.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="KaTeX" title="KaTeX">KaTeX</a> is a JavaScript library for converting LaTeX to HTML and MathML. It is developed by <a href="Khan_Academy" title="Khan Academy">Khan Academy</a>, and is among the fastest LaTeX to HTML converters.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2></div>
<p>LaTeX is typically distributed along with plain <a href="TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a> under a <a href="Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free software licence</a>: the <a href="LaTeX_Project_Public_License" title="LaTeX Project Public License">LaTeX Project Public License</a> (LPPL).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LPPL is not <a href="License_compatibility" title="License compatibility">compatible</a> with the <a href="GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>, as it requires that modified files must be clearly differentiable from their originals (usually by changing the filename); this was done to ensure that files that depend on other files will produce the expected behavior and avoid <a href="Dependency_hell" title="Dependency hell">dependency hell</a>. The LPPL is <a href="Debian_Free_Software_Guidelines" class="mw-redirect" title="Debian Free Software Guidelines">Debian Free Software Guidelines</a> (DFSG) compliant as of version 1.3. As <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>, LaTeX is available on most operating systems.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Versions">Versions</h2></div>
<table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding-bottom: 0.15em;background-color:#e0e0e0;color:inherit;">LaTeX</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">
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.tex</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media&nbsp;type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><div class="monospaced">
<a href="Media_type#Unregistered_tree" title="Media type">application/x-latex</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">1994<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1994</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LaTeX2e<br>1994<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1994</span>)</span> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="Document_file_format" title="Document file format">Document file format</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>LaTeX2e is the current version of LaTeX, since it replaced LaTeX 2.09 in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, LaTeX3, which started in the early 1990s, is under a long-term development project.<sup id="cite_ref-Latex3planning_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latex3planning-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planned features include improved syntax (separation of content from styling), <a href="Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlink</a> support, a new user interface, access to arbitrary fonts and a new documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some LaTeX3 features are available in LaTeX2e using packages,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 2020 many features have been enabled in LaTeX2e by default for a gradual transition.<sup id="cite_ref-Latex3planning_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latex3planning-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>There are many commercial implementations of the entire TeX system. System vendors may add extra features like added <a href="Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> and <a href="Help_desk" title="Help desk">telephone support</a>. <a href="LyX" title="LyX">LyX</a> is a <a href="Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a>, <a href="WYSIWYM" title="WYSIWYM">WYSIWYM</a> visual document processor that uses LaTeX for a back-end.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="TeXmacs" class="mw-redirect" title="TeXmacs">TeXmacs</a> is a free, <a href="WYSIWYG" title="WYSIWYG">WYSIWYG</a> editor with similar functionalities as LaTeX, but with a different typesetting engine.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other WYSIWYG editors that produce LaTeX include <a href="Scientific_Word" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific Word">Scientific Word</a> on Windows and <a href="MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>.
</p><p>Many community-supported TeX distributions are available.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2></div>
<p>LaTeX is widely used in academia for the communication and publication of scientific documents and technical note-taking in many fields, owing partially to its support for complex mathematical notation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gaudeul2006_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaudeul2006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has a prominent role in the preparation and publication of books and articles that contain complex <a href="Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual materials</a>, such as Arabic and Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LaTeX uses the TeX typesetting program for formatting its output, and is itself written in the TeX <a href="Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macro</a> language.
</p><p>LaTeX can be used as a standalone document preparation system or as an intermediate format. In the latter role, for example, it is sometimes used as part of a pipeline for translating <a href="DocBook" title="DocBook">DocBook</a> and other <a href="XML" title="XML">XML</a>-based formats for PDF. The typesetting system offers programmable <a href="Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a> features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing of tables and figures, chapter and section headings, graphics, page layout, indexing and <a href="Bibliography" title="Bibliography">bibliographies</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
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<ul><li><a href="BibTeX" title="BibTeX">BibTeX</a>&nbsp;– Reference management software for formatting lists of references</li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_TeX_editors" title="Comparison of TeX editors">Comparison of TeX editors</a></li>
<li><a href="Formula_editor" title="Formula editor">Formula editor</a>&nbsp;– Computer program used to typeset mathematical works or formulae</li>
<li><a href="KaTeX" title="KaTeX">KaTeX</a>&nbsp;– JavaScript library for displaying math notation</li>
<li><a href="List_of_document_markup_languages" title="List of document markup languages">List of document markup languages</a> and <a href="Markdown#Markdown_editors" title="Markdown">List of markdown editors</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_TeX_extensions" title="List of TeX extensions">List of TeX extensions</a>&nbsp;– Extensions for the TeX typesetting system</li>
<li><a href="LyX" title="LyX">LyX</a>&nbsp;– Document processing software</li>
<li><a href="MathJax" title="MathJax">MathJax</a>&nbsp;– Cross-browser JavaScript library that displays mathematical equations in web browsers</li>
<li><a href="Xdvi" title="Xdvi">xdvi</a>&nbsp;– Open Source Computer Program</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-wikidata-8849cc4b0fcde530cecd7519fcbfbb0cfcc35855-v20-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikidata-8849cc4b0fcde530cecd7519fcbfbb0cfcc35855-v20_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1333433106">
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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latex-project.org/news/2024/11/01/issue40-of-latex2e-released/">"LaTeX2e Release Newsletter"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=LaTeX2e+Release+Newsletter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latex-project.org%2Fnews%2F2024%2F11%2F01%2Fissue40-of-latex2e-released%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latex-project.org/intro.html">"An introduction to LaTeX"</a>. <i>LaTeX project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=LaTeX+project&amp;rft.atitle=An+introduction+to+LaTeX&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Flatex-project.org%2Fintro.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lamport1986-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lamport1986_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamport1986_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLamport1986" class="citation book cs1">Lamport, Leslie (1986). <i>LATEX: a document preparation system</i>. Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>0-201-15790-X</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12550262">12550262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=LATEX%3A+a+document+preparation+system&amp;rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Pub.+Co&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12550262&amp;rft.isbn=0-201-15790-X&amp;rft.aulast=Lamport&amp;rft.aufirst=Leslie&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Lamport2007" class="citation web cs1">Leslie Lamport (April 23, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.microsoft.com/users/lamport/pubs/pubs.html#latex">"The Writings of Leslie Lamport: LaTeX: A Document Preparation System"</a>. <i>Leslie Lamport's Home Page</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Leslie+Lamport%27s+Home+Page&amp;rft.atitle=The+Writings+of+Leslie+Lamport%3A+LaTeX%3A+A+Document+Preparation+System&amp;rft.date=2007-04-23&amp;rft.au=Leslie+Lamport&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fusers%2Flamport%2Fpubs%2Fpubs.html%23latex&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Latex3planning-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Latex3planning_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latex3planning_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latex3planning_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Latex3planning_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latex-project.org/publications/2020-FMi-TUB-tb128mitt-quovadis.pdf">"Quo vadis LaTeX(3) Team — A look back and at the upcoming years"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.latex-project.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.latex-project.org&amp;rft.atitle=Quo+vadis+LaTeX%283%29+Team+%E2%80%94+A+look+back+and+at+the+upcoming+years&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latex-project.org%2Fpublications%2F2020-FMi-TUB-tb128mitt-quovadis.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latex-project.org/">"LaTeX - A document preparation system"</a>. <i>www.latex-project.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.latex-project.org&amp;rft.atitle=LaTeX+-+A+document+preparation+system&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latex-project.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Multilingual_typesetting_on_Overleaf_using_babel_and_fontspec">"Multilingual typesetting on Overleaf using babel and fontspec"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Multilingual+typesetting+on+Overleaf+using+babel+and+fontspec&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.overleaf.com%2Flearn%2Flatex%2FMultilingual_typesetting_on_Overleaf_using_babel_and_fontspec&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latex3.github.io/babel/">"Babel: The multilingual framework to localize LaTeX, LuaLaTeX, XeLaTeX"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Babel%3A+The+multilingual+framework+to+localize+LaTeX%2C+LuaLaTeX%2C+XeLaTeX&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatex3.github.io%2Fbabel%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Chinese">"Chinese"</a>. <i>www.overleaf.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.overleaf.com&amp;rft.atitle=Chinese&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.overleaf.com%2Flearn%2Flatex%2FChinese&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Lamport2018-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lamport2018_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lamport2018_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLamport2024" class="citation web cs1">Lamport, Leslie (2024-04-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/pubs.pdf">"My Writings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">48–</span>49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240609192724/https://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/lamport/pubs/pubs.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2024-06-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=My+Writings&amp;rft.pages=48-49&amp;rft.date=2024-04-29&amp;rft.aulast=Lamport&amp;rft.aufirst=Leslie&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fum%2Fpeople%2Flamport%2Fpubs%2Fpubs.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The design of LaTeX owes something to earlier markup systems such as <a href="Scribe_(markup_language)" title="Scribe (markup language)">Scribe</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Dyke" class="citation web cs1">Van Dyke, Jackson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.ma.utexas.edu/users/vandyke/notes/getting_started_latex_vim/getting_started.pdf">"Getting started with LaTeX and Vim"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Getting+started+with+LaTeX+and+Vim&amp;rft.aulast=Van+Dyke&amp;rft.aufirst=Jackson&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.ma.utexas.edu%2Fusers%2Fvandyke%2Fnotes%2Fgetting_started_latex_vim%2Fgetting_started.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PDF output is common, but TeX can output other formats such as DVI ("Device independent" format).</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelatexcompiler.blogspot.com/2026/02/online-latex-compi.html">"Online LaTeX Compiler"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Online+LaTeX+Compiler&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelatexcompiler.blogspot.com%2F2026%2F02%2Fonline-latex-compi.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciscribe.dev">"SciScribe"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=SciScribe&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciscribe.dev&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.overleaf.com">"Overleaf"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Overleaf&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.overleaf.com&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208171339/https://www.seeveeze.com/">"Seeveeze"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seeveeze.com/">the original</a> on 2015-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Seeveeze&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seeveeze.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latexbase.com">"LaTeX Base"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=LaTeX+Base&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Flatexbase.com&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.authorea.com/">"Authorea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Authorea&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.authorea.com%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald E. Knuth, <i>The TeXbook</i>, Addison–Wesley, Boston, 1986, p. 1.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamport (1994), p 5</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011230511/http://edward.oconnor.cx/2007/08/tex-poshlet">"TeX and LaTeX logo POSHlets"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edward.oconnor.cx/2007/08/tex-poshlet">the original</a> on 2007-10-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=TeX+and+LaTeX+logo+POSHlets&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedward.oconnor.cx%2F2007%2F08%2Ftex-poshlet&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFTaraborelli" class="citation web cs1">Taraborelli, Dario. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901040149/http://nitens.org/taraborelli/texlogo">"CSS-driven TeX logos"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nitens.org/taraborelli/texlogo">the original</a> on 2017-09-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=CSS-driven+TeX+logos&amp;rft.aulast=Taraborelli&amp;rft.aufirst=Dario&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnitens.org%2Ftaraborelli%2Ftexlogo&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWalden2005" class="citation journal cs1">Walden, David (2005-07-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tug.org/pracjourn/2005-3/walden-travels/">"Travels in TeX Land: A Macro, Three Software Packages, and the Trouble with TeX"</a>. <i>The PracTeX Journal</i> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+PracTeX+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=Travels+in+TeX+Land%3A+A+Macro%2C+Three+Software+Packages%2C+and+the+Trouble+with+TeX&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.date=2005-07-15&amp;rft.aulast=Walden&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.tug.org%2Fpracjourn%2F2005-3%2Fwalden-travels%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240726200742/https://ctan.math.washington.edu/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/chemmacros/chemmacros-manual.pdf">"Chemmacros - Comprehensive support for typesetting chemistry documents"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctan.math.washington.edu/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/chemmacros/chemmacros-manual.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2024-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Chemmacros+-+Comprehensive+support+for+typesetting+chemistry+documents&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctan.math.washington.edu%2Ftex-archive%2Fmacros%2Flatex%2Fcontrib%2Fchemmacros%2Fchemmacros-manual.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex/">"pdfTeX - TeX Users Group"</a>. <i>www.tug.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.tug.org&amp;rft.atitle=pdfTeX+-+TeX+Users+Group&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tug.org%2Fapplications%2Fpdftex%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tug.org/xetex/">"XeTeX - TeX Users Group"</a>. <i>www.tug.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.tug.org&amp;rft.atitle=XeTeX+-+TeX+Users+Group&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tug.org%2Fxetex%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-luatex-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-luatex_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luatex.org/">"LuaTeX"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=LuaTeX&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.luatex.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Website <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://hevea.inria.fr/">http://hevea.inria.fr/</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to LICENSE file in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/latex2html/latex2html/">source repository</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctan.org/pkg/latex2html">"CTAN: Package latex2html"</a>. <i>ctan.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ctan.org&amp;rft.atitle=CTAN%3A+Package+latex2html&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctan.org%2Fpkg%2Flatex2html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ctan.org/tex-archive/support/latex2rtf">"CTAN: /tex-archive/support/latex2rtf"</a>. <i>ctan.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ctan.org&amp;rft.atitle=CTAN%3A+%2Ftex-archive%2Fsupport%2Flatex2rtf&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fctan.org%2Ftex-archive%2Fsupport%2Flatex2rtf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlmf.nist.gov/LaTeXML/">"LaTeXML A LaTeX to XML/HTML/MathML Converter"</a>. <i>dlmf.nist.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=dlmf.nist.gov&amp;rft.atitle=LaTeXML+A+LaTeX+to+XML%2FHTML%2FMathML+Converter&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlmf.nist.gov%2FLaTeXML%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pandoc.org/">"Pandoc - About pandoc"</a>. <i>pandoc.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=pandoc.org&amp;rft.atitle=Pandoc+-+About+pandoc&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpandoc.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gaudeul2006-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudeul2006_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gaudeul2006_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAlexia_Gaudeul2007" class="citation journal cs1">Alexia Gaudeul (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2202%2F1446-9022.1119">"Do Open Source Developers Respond to Competition?: The (La)TeX Case Study"</a>. <i>Review of Network Economics</i>. <b>6</b> (2). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2202%2F1446-9022.1119">10.2202/1446-9022.1119</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201097782">201097782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Review+of+Network+Economics&amp;rft.atitle=Do+Open+Source+Developers+Respond+to+Competition%3F%3A+The+%28La%29TeX+Case+Study&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.date=2007-06&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2202%2F1446-9022.1119&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201097782%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.au=Alexia+Gaudeul&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2202%252F1446-9022.1119&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKnauffNejasmic2019" class="citation journal cs1">Knauff, Markus; Nejasmic, Jelica (December 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4272305">"An Efficiency Comparison of Document Preparation Systems Used in Academic Research and Development"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (12) e115069. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0115069">10.1371/journal.pone.0115069</a></span>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4272305">4272305</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25526083">25526083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&amp;rft.atitle=An+Efficiency+Comparison+of+Document+Preparation+Systems+Used+in+Academic+Research+and+Development&amp;rft.volume=9&amp;rft.issue=12&amp;rft.artnum=e115069&amp;rft.date=2019-12-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4272305%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25526083&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0115069&amp;rft.aulast=Knauff&amp;rft.aufirst=Markus&amp;rft.au=Nejasmic%2C+Jelica&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4272305&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchubotzWicke2014" class="citation conference cs1">Schubotz, Moritz; Wicke, Gabriel (2014). "Mathoid: Robust, Scalable, Fast and Accessible Math Rendering for Wikipedia". <i>Intelligent Computer Mathematics – International Conference</i>. CICM. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol.&nbsp;8543. Springer. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">224–</span>235. <a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.6179">1404.6179</a></span>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-08434-3_17">10.1007/978-3-319-08434-3_17</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>978-3-319-08433-6</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=conference&amp;rft.atitle=Mathoid%3A+Robust%2C+Scalable%2C+Fast+and+Accessible+Math+Rendering+for+Wikipedia&amp;rft.btitle=Intelligent+Computer+Mathematics+%E2%80%93+International+Conference&amp;rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&amp;rft.pages=224-235&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1404.6179&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-08434-3_17&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-319-08433-6&amp;rft.aulast=Schubotz&amp;rft.aufirst=Moritz&amp;rft.au=Wicke%2C+Gabriel&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://katex.org/">"KaTeX – The fastest math typesetting library for the web"</a>. <i>katex.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=katex.org&amp;rft.atitle=KaTeX+%E2%80%93+The+fastest+math+typesetting+library+for+the+web&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkatex.org%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latex-project.org/lppl/">"The LaTeX project public license"</a>. <i>www.latex-project.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.latex-project.org&amp;rft.atitle=The+LaTeX+project+public+license&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latex-project.org%2Flppl%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFScavo" class="citation web cs1">Scavo, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981203013048/http://web.syr.edu/~trscavo/latex/latex-history.html">"TeX, LaTeX, and AMS-LaTeX"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.syr.edu/~trscavo/latex/latex-history.html">the original</a> on 3 December 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=TeX%2C+LaTeX%2C+and+AMS-LaTeX&amp;rft.aulast=Scavo&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.syr.edu%2F~trscavo%2Flatex%2Flatex-history.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Mittelbach,_Chris_Rowley1999" class="citation web cs1">Frank Mittelbach, Chris Rowley (January 12, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latex-project.org/guides/ltx3info.pdf">"The LaTeX3 Project"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+LaTeX3+Project&amp;rft.date=1999-01-12&amp;rft.au=Frank+Mittelbach%2C+Chris+Rowley&amp;rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.latex-project.org%2Fguides%2Fltx3info.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWright" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Joseph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tex.stackexchange.com/a/986/">"Why is LaTeX3 taking so long to come out?"</a>. <i>TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=TeX+-+LaTeX+Stack+Exchange&amp;rft.atitle=Why+is+LaTeX3+taking+so+long+to+come+out%3F&amp;rft.aulast=Wright&amp;rft.aufirst=Joseph&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftex.stackexchange.com%2Fa%2F986%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lyx.org/WhatIsLyX">"LyX: What is LyX?"</a>. <i>www.lyx.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.lyx.org&amp;rft.atitle=LyX%3A+What+is+LyX%3F&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lyx.org%2FWhatIsLyX&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.texmacs.org/tmweb/home/welcome.en.html">"Welcome to GNU TeXmacs (FSF GNU project)"</a>. <i>www.texmacs.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=www.texmacs.org&amp;rft.atitle=Welcome+to+GNU+TeXmacs+%28FSF+GNU+project%29&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.texmacs.org%2Ftmweb%2Fhome%2Fwelcome.en.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMarkin2017" class="citation web cs1">Markin, Pablo (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109001132/https://openscience.com/latex-open-source-software-facilitates-the-adoption-of-open-access-by-authors-repositories-and-journals/">"LaTeX, Open Source Software, Facilitates the Adoption of Open Access by Authors, Repositories and Journals"</a>. <i>OpenScience</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openscience.com/latex-open-source-software-facilitates-the-adoption-of-open-access-by-authors-repositories-and-journals/">the original</a> on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=OpenScience&amp;rft.atitle=LaTeX%2C+Open+Source+Software%2C+Facilitates+the+Adoption+of+Open+Access+by+Authors%2C+Repositories+and+Journals&amp;rft.date=2017-11-01&amp;rft.aulast=Markin&amp;rft.aufirst=Pablo&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenscience.com%2Flatex-open-source-software-facilitates-the-adoption-of-open-access-by-authors-repositories-and-journals%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFFlynn2017" class="citation book cs1">Flynn, Peter (2017) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://latex.silmaril.ie/formattinginformation/"><i>Formatting Information: A Beginner's Guide to LaTeX</i></a> (7th online&nbsp;ed.). Cork: Silmaril. p.&nbsp;193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Formatting+Information%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+LaTeX&amp;rft.place=Cork&amp;rft.pages=193&amp;rft.edition=7th+online&amp;rft.pub=Silmaril&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.aulast=Flynn&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flatex.silmaril.ie%2Fformattinginformation%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFGriffithsHighman,_David_S.1997" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, David F.; Highman, David S. (1997). <i>Learning LaTeX</i>. Philadelphia: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>0-89871-383-8</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Learning+LaTeX&amp;rft.place=Philadelphia&amp;rft.pub=Society+for+Industrial+and+Applied+Mathematics&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.isbn=0-89871-383-8&amp;rft.aulast=Griffiths&amp;rft.aufirst=David+F.&amp;rft.au=Highman%2C+David+S.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFKopkaDaly,_Patrick_W.2003" class="citation book cs1">Kopka, Helmut; Daly, Patrick W. (2003). <i>Guide to LaTeX</i> (4th&nbsp;ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>0-321-17385-6</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Guide+to+LaTeX&amp;rft.edition=4th&amp;rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-321-17385-6&amp;rft.aulast=Kopka&amp;rft.aufirst=Helmut&amp;rft.au=Daly%2C+Patrick+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFLamport1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Leslie_Lamport" title="Leslie Lamport">Lamport, Leslie</a> (1994). <i>LaTeX: A document preparation system: User's guide and reference</i>. illustrations by Duane Bibby (2nd&nbsp;ed.). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>0-201-52983-1</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=LaTeX%3A+A+document+preparation+system%3A+User%27s+guide+and+reference&amp;rft.place=Reading%2C+Mass&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&amp;rft.date=1994&amp;rft.isbn=0-201-52983-1&amp;rft.aulast=Lamport&amp;rft.aufirst=Leslie&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFOetiker2021" class="citation web cs1">Oetiker, Tobias (2021-03-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mirrors.ctan.org/info/lshort/english/lshort.pdf">"The not so Short Introduction to LaTeX"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>ctan.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ctan.org&amp;rft.atitle=The+not+so+Short+Introduction+to+LaTeX&amp;rft.date=2021-03-09&amp;rft.aulast=Oetiker&amp;rft.aufirst=Tobias&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmirrors.ctan.org%2Finfo%2Flshort%2Fenglish%2Flshort.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><cite id="CITEREFMittelbachFischer,_Ulrike2023" class="citation book cs1">Mittelbach, Frank; Fischer, Ulrike (2023). <i>The LaTeX Companion</i> (3rd&nbsp;ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-13-465894-0</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+LaTeX+Companion&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-13-465894-0&amp;rft.aulast=Mittelbach&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank&amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C+Ulrike&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span> Vol II: <cite id="CITEREFMittelbachFischer,_Ulrike2023" class="citation book cs1">Mittelbach, Frank; Fischer, Ulrike (2023). <i>The LaTeX Companion</i> (3rd&nbsp;ed.). Addison-Wesley. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-201-36300-5</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+LaTeX+Companion&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-201-36300-5&amp;rft.aulast=Mittelbach&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank&amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C+Ulrike&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaTeX" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
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<ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latex-project.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5310#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata" class="external"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="./_assets_/c8f24dc75f9c782269c846c9b17e400f/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" loading="lazy"></a></span></li></ul>
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</style><div id="TeX2024" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="TeX" title="TeX">TeX</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macro packages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AMS-LaTeX" title="AMS-LaTeX">AMS-TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="ArabTeX" title="ArabTeX">ArabTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="CircuiTikZ" title="CircuiTikZ">CircuiTikZ</a></li>
<li><a href="ConTeXt" title="ConTeXt">ConTeXt</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LaTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="MusiXTeX" title="MusiXTeX">MusiXTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="TeX" title="TeX">Plain TeX</a></li>
<li>OpTeX</li>
<li><a href="PSTricks" title="PSTricks">PSTricks</a></li>
<li><a href="PGF/TikZ" title="PGF/TikZ">TikZ</a></li>
<li><a href="TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li>
<li><a href="XyMTeX" title="XyMTeX">XyMTeX</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternative TeX engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="LuaTeX" title="LuaTeX">LuaTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="PdfTeX" title="PdfTeX">pdfTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="XeTeX" title="XeTeX">XeTeX</a></li>
<li>upTeX</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Omega_(TeX)#Aleph_and_LuaTeX" title="Omega (TeX)">Aleph</a></li>
<li><a href="TeX_Live" title="TeX Live">ε-TeX</a></li>
<li><a href="New_Typesetting_System" title="New Typesetting System">NTS</a></li>
<li><a href="Omega_(TeX)" title="Omega (TeX)">Omega</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Distributions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="MiKTeX" title="MiKTeX">MiKTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="TeX_Live" title="TeX Live">TeX Live</a>
<ul><li><a href="MacTeX" title="MacTeX">MacTeX</a></li>
<li>W32TeX</li></ul></li>
<li>TeXPortal</li>
<li>TinyTeX</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deprecated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AmigaTeX" title="AmigaTeX">AmigaTeX</a></li>
<li>fpTeX</li>
<li>gwTeX</li>
<li>OzTeX</li>
<li>PasTeX</li>
<li><a href="TeTeX" title="TeTeX">teTeX</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="CTAN" title="CTAN">CTAN</a></li>
<li><a href="Deutschsprachige_Anwendervereinigung_TeX" title="Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX">DANTE</a></li>
<li><i><a href="TUGboat" title="TUGboat">TUGboat</a></i></li>
<li><i><a href="The_PracTeX_Journal" title="The PracTeX Journal">The PracTeX Journal</a></i></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="BibTeX" title="BibTeX">BibTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="Device_independent_file_format" title="Device independent file format">DVI</a></li>
<li><a href="Computer_Modern" title="Computer Modern">Computer Modern</a></li>
<li><a href="Metafont" title="Metafont">Metafont</a></li>
<li><a href="MetaPost" title="MetaPost">MetaPost</a></li>
<li><a href="Web_(programming_system)" title="Web (programming system)">WEB</a></li>
<li><a href="CWEB" class="mw-redirect" title="CWEB">CWEB</a></li>
<li><a href="TeX_Directory_Structure" title="TeX Directory Structure">TeX Directory Structure</a></li>
<li><a href="TeX_font_metric" title="TeX font metric">TeX font metric</a></li>
<li><a href="Texinfo" title="Texinfo">Texinfo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="List_of_TeX_extensions" title="List of TeX extensions">extensions</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LaTeX327" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="LaTeX327" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LaTeX</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="AMS-LaTeX" title="AMS-LaTeX">AMS-LaTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="Beamer_(LaTeX)" title="Beamer (LaTeX)">Beamer</a></li>
<li><a href="Powerdot" title="Powerdot">Powerdot</a></li>
<li><a href="Biber_(LaTeX)" title="Biber (LaTeX)">Biber</a></li>
<li><a href="AMSRefs" title="AMSRefs">AMSRefs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Macro packages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="PGF/TikZ" title="PGF/TikZ">PGF/TikZ</a></li>
<li><a href="PSfrag" title="PSfrag">PSfrag</a></li>
<li><a href="REVTeX" title="REVTeX">REVTeX</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">LaTeX integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Knitr" title="Knitr">knitr</a></li>
<li><a href="Pandoc" title="Pandoc">Pandoc</a></li>
<li><a href="Sweave" title="Sweave">Sweave</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="LaTeX2HTML" class="mw-redirect" title="LaTeX2HTML">LaTeX2HTML</a></li>
<li><a href="LaTeX2RTF" class="mw-redirect" title="LaTeX2RTF">LaTeX2RTF</a></li>
<li><a href="LaTeXML" title="LaTeXML">LaTeXML</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="LaTeX_Project_Public_License" title="LaTeX Project Public License">LaTeX Project Public License</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ebooks4011" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ebooks4011" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Comparison_of_e-book_formats" title="Comparison of e-book formats">Formats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="EPUB" title="EPUB">ePub</a></li>
<li><a href="FictionBook" title="FictionBook">FictionBook</a></li>
<li><a href="Comic_book_archive" title="Comic book archive">CBR/CBZ</a></li>
<li><a href="Kindle_File_Format" title="Kindle File Format">Kindle File Format</a></li>
<li><a href="Mobipocket" title="Mobipocket">Mobipocket</a></li>
<li><a href="PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a></li>
<li><a href="Text_file" title="Text file">Plain text</a></li>
<li><a href="IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">IBA</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="E-reader" title="E-reader">Devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a></li>
<li><a href="Barnes_%26_Noble_Nook" title="Barnes &amp; Noble Nook">Barnes &amp; Noble Nook</a></li>
<li><a href="Bookeen" title="Bookeen">Bookeen</a></li>
<li><a href="Elonex_ebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Elonex ebook">Elonex ebook</a></li>
<li><a href="EnTourage_eDGe" title="EnTourage eDGe">enTourage eDGe</a></li>
<li><a href="Hanlin_eReader" title="Hanlin eReader">Hanlin eReader</a></li>
<li><a href="IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a></li>
<li><a href="IRiver_Story" title="IRiver Story">iRiver Story</a></li>
<li><a href="Kobo_eReader" title="Kobo eReader">Kobo eReader</a></li>
<li><a href="Onyx_Boox" title="Onyx Boox">Onyx Boox</a></li>
<li><a href="Plastic_Logic" title="Plastic Logic">Plastic Logic Reader</a></li>
<li><a href="PocketBook_International" title="PocketBook International">PocketBook eReader</a></li>
<li><a href="Rocket_eBook" title="Rocket eBook">Rocket eBook</a></li>
<li><a href="SoftBook" title="SoftBook">SoftBook</a></li>
<li><a href="Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphones</a></li>
<li><a href="Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablets</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Adobe_Acrobat" title="Adobe Acrobat">Adobe Acrobat</a></li>
<li><a href="Adobe_Digital_Editions" title="Adobe Digital Editions">Adobe Digital Editions</a></li>
<li><a href="Aldiko" title="Aldiko">Aldiko</a></li>
<li><a href="Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books</a> <small>(iBooks)</small></li>
<li><a href="Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li>
<li><a href="Blio" title="Blio">Blio</a></li>
<li><a href="Bluefire_Reader" title="Bluefire Reader">Bluefire Reader</a></li>
<li><a href="Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li>
<li><a href="FBReader" title="FBReader">FBReader</a></li>
<li><a href="Foliate_(software)" title="Foliate (software)">Foliate</a></li>
<li><a href="Google_Play_Books" title="Google Play Books">Google Play Books</a></li>
<li><a href="Kindle_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Kindle app">Kindle app</a></li>
<li><a href="Kitabu" title="Kitabu">Kitabu</a></li>
<li><a href="Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo</a></li>
<li><a href="Lector_(software)" title="Lector (software)">Lector</a></li>
<li><a href="Lektz" title="Lektz">Lektz</a></li>
<li><a href="Lucifox" title="Lucifox">Lucifox</a></li>
<li><a href="Microsoft_Reader" title="Microsoft Reader">Microsoft Reader</a></li>
<li><a href="MuPDF" title="MuPDF">MuPDF</a></li>
<li><a href="Okular" title="Okular">Okular</a></li>
<li><a href="OverDrive_Media_Console" title="OverDrive Media Console">OverDrive Media Console</a></li>
<li><a href="Snapplify" title="Snapplify">Snapplify</a></li>
<li><a href="STDU_Viewer" title="STDU Viewer">STDU Viewer</a></li>
<li><a href="Sumatra_PDF" title="Sumatra PDF">Sumatra PDF</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Editing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="ABBYY_FineReader" title="ABBYY FineReader">ABBYY FineReader</a></li>
<li><a href="AbiWord" title="AbiWord">AbiWord</a></li>
<li><a href="Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a></li>
<li><a href="Adobe_RoboHelp" title="Adobe RoboHelp">Adobe RoboHelp</a></li>
<li><a href="Rakuten_Aquafadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakuten Aquafadas">Aquafadas</a></li>
<li><a href="Atlantis_Word_Processor" title="Atlantis Word Processor">Atlantis Word Processor</a></li>
<li><a href="Booktype" title="Booktype">Booktype</a></li>
<li><a href="Calibre_(software)" title="Calibre (software)">Calibre</a></li>
<li><a href="Calligra" title="Calligra">Calligra Author</a></li>
<li><a href="Collabora_Online" title="Collabora Online">Collabora Online</a></li>
<li><a href="EXeLearning" title="EXeLearning">eXeLearning</a></li>
<li><a href="HelpNDoc" title="HelpNDoc">HelpNDoc</a></li>
<li><a href="IBooks_Author" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author">iBooks Author</a></li>
<li><a href="IStudio_Publisher" title="IStudio Publisher">iStudio Publisher</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">LaTeX</a></li>
<li><a href="LibreOffice" title="LibreOffice">LibreOffice</a></li>
<li><a href="MadCap_Software" title="MadCap Software">MadCap Flare</a></li>
<li><a href="Oxygen_XML_Editor" title="Oxygen XML Editor">Oxygen XML Editor</a></li>
<li><a href="PagePlus" title="PagePlus">PagePlus</a></li>
<li><a href="Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li>
<li><a href="QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a></li>
<li><a href="Scrivener_(software)" title="Scrivener (software)">Scrivener</a></li>
<li><a href="Sigil_(application)" title="Sigil (application)">Sigil</a></li>
<li><a href="Writer2epub" title="Writer2epub">Writer2epub</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vendors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Apple_Books" title="Apple Books">Apple Books Store</a></li>
<li><a href="Kindle_Store" title="Kindle Store">Amazon Kindle Store</a></li>
<li><a href="Baen_Free_Library" title="Baen Free Library">Baen Free Library</a></li>
<li><a href="Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes &amp; Noble">Barnes &amp; Noble</a></li>
<li><a href="Booktrack" title="Booktrack">Booktrack</a></li>
<li><a href="BookWalker" title="BookWalker">BookWalker</a></li>
<li><a href="Feedbooks" title="Feedbooks">Feedbooks</a></li>
<li><a href="Google" title="Google">Google</a>
<ul><li><a href="Google_Play" title="Google Play">Google Play</a></li>
<li><a href="Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Jarir_Bookstore" title="Jarir Bookstore">Jarir.com</a></li>
<li><a href="Kobo_Inc." title="Kobo Inc.">Kobo Bookstore</a></li>
<li><a href="Rokomari.com" title="Rokomari.com">Rokomari</a></li>
<li><a href="Sony_Reader" title="Sony Reader">Sony Reader Store</a></li>
<li><a href="Smashwords" title="Smashwords">Smashwords</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Noncommercial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Aozora_Bunko" title="Aozora Bunko">Aozora Bunko</a></li>
<li><a href="Faded_Page" class="mw-redirect" title="Faded Page">Faded Page</a></li>
<li><a href="HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a></li>
<li><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a>
<ul><li><a href="Project_Gutenberg_Australia" title="Project Gutenberg Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="Project_Gutenberg_Canada" title="Project Gutenberg Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li>
<li><a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Academic_journal_publishing_reform" title="Academic journal publishing reform">Academic journal publishing reform</a></li>
<li><a href="Book" title="Book">Books</a></li>
<li><a href="Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_e-readers" title="Comparison of e-readers">Comparison of ebook readers</a></li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_iOS_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of iOS e-reader software">Comparison of iOS ebook reader software</a></li>
<li><a href="Comparison_of_Android_e-reader_software" title="Comparison of Android e-reader software">Comparison of Android ebook reader software</a></li>
<li><a href="E-book_lending" title="E-book lending">E-book lending</a></li>
<li><a href="Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li>
<li><a href="IBooks_Author_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="IBooks Author Conference">iBooks Author Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Digital_Publishing_Forum" title="International Digital Publishing Forum">International Digital Publishing Forum</a></li>
<li><a href="Kindle_single" title="Kindle single">Kindle single</a></li>
<li><a href="Open_Publication_Distribution_System" title="Open Publication Distribution System">OPDS</a></li>
<li><a href="Reflowable_document" title="Reflowable document">Reflowable document</a></li>
<li><a href="Self-publishing" title="Self-publishing">Self-publishing</a></li>
<li><a href="Semantic_publishing" title="Semantic publishing">Semantic publishing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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