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              <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Latex</span></h1>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the polymer. For the document preparation system and markup language, see <a href="LaTeX" title="LaTeX">LaTeX</a>. For other uses, see <a href="Latex_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Latex (disambiguation)">Latex (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="./_assets_/0c70a452f799bfe840676ee341124611/Latex-production.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" loading="lazy"><figcaption><a href="Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Tapping</a> of latex from <i><a href="Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">Hevea brasiliensis</a></i>, for use in <a href="Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> production</figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Latex</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr> <b>latices</b>) is an <a href="Emulsion" title="Emulsion">emulsion</a> (stable <a href="Dispersion_(chemistry)" title="Dispersion (chemistry)">dispersion</a>) of <a href="Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> <a href="Microparticle" title="Microparticle">microparticles</a> in water.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 204–205">: 204–205 </span></sup> Latices are found in <a href="Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, but synthetic latices are common as well.
</p><p>In nature, latex is found as a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/milky" class="extiw external" title="wikt:milky">milky</a> <a href="Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a>, which is present in 10% of all <a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (angiosperms)<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some <a href="Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a> (especially species of <i><a href="Lactarius" title="Lactarius">Lactarius</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a complex emulsion that <a href="Coagulation" title="Coagulation">coagulates</a> on exposure to air, consisting of <a href="Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a>, <a href="Starch" title="Starch">starches</a>, <a href="Sugar" title="Sugar">sugars</a>, <a href="Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">oils</a>, <a href="Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a>, <a href="Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, and <a href="Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gums</a>. It is usually exuded after tissue injury. In most plants, latex is white, but some have yellow, orange, or scarlet latex. The fungus <i><a href="Lactarius_indigo" title="Lactarius indigo">Lactarius indigo</a></i> has a vivid blue latex. Since the 17th century, latex has been used as a term for the fluid substance in plants, deriving from the <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for 'liquid'.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It serves mainly as <a href="Antipredator_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipredator adaptation">defense</a> against <a href="Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a><sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Fungivore" title="Fungivore">fungivores</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Latex is not to be confused with <a href="Plant_sap" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant sap">plant sap</a>; it is a distinct substance, separately produced, and with different functions. The word <i>latex</i> is also used to refer to natural latex <a href="Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a>, particularly non-<a href="Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">vulcanized</a> rubber. Such is the case in products like latex <a href="Glove" title="Glove">gloves</a>, latex <a href="Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>, <a href="Latex_clothing" title="Latex clothing">latex clothing</a>, and <a href="Balloon" title="Balloon">balloons</a>.
</p><p>The <a href="International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> definition of <i>latex</i> is "<a href="Colloid" title="Colloid">colloidal</a> dispersion of polymer particles in a liquid".<sup id="cite_ref-terminology_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terminology-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polymer in the particles may be organic or inorganic.<sup id="cite_ref-terminology_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terminology-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IUPAC definition of "synthetic latex" is "latex obtained as a product of an <a href="Emulsion_polymerization" title="Emulsion polymerization">emulsion</a>, mini-emulsion, micro-emulsion, or <a href="Dispersion_polymerization" title="Dispersion polymerization">dispersion polymerization</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-terminology_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terminology-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articulated_laticifers">Articulated laticifers</h3></div>
<p>The <a href="Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> (<a href="Laticifer" title="Laticifer">laticifers</a>) in which latex is found make up the laticiferous system, which can form in two very different ways. In many plants, the laticiferous system is formed from rows of cells laid down in the <a href="Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a> of the <a href="Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a> or <a href="Root" title="Root">root</a>. The <a href="Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> between these cells are dissolved so that continuous tubes, called latex vessels, are formed. Since these vessels are made of many cells, they are known as <i>articulated laticifers</i>. This method of formation is found in the <a href="Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">poppy family</a> and in the <a href="Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> trees (<a href="Hevea_brasiliensis" title="Hevea brasiliensis">Para rubber tree</a>, members of the family <a href="Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a>, members of the <a href="Moraceae" title="Moraceae">mulberry and fig family</a>, such as the Panama rubber tree <i><a href="Castilla_elastica" title="Castilla elastica">Castilla elastica</a></i>), and members of the family <a href="Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>. For instance, <i><a href="Parthenium_argentatum" title="Parthenium argentatum">Parthenium argentatum</a></i> the guayule plant, is in the tribe <a href="Heliantheae" title="Heliantheae">Heliantheae</a>; other latex-bearing Asteraceae with articulated laticifers include members of the <a href="Cichorieae" title="Cichorieae">Cichorieae</a>, a <a href="Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> whose members produce latex, some of them in commercially interesting amounts. This includes <i><a href="Taraxacum_kok-saghyz" title="Taraxacum kok-saghyz">Taraxacum kok-saghyz</a></i>, a species cultivated for latex production.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-articulated_laticifers">Non-articulated laticifers</h3></div>
<p>In the <a href="Asclepiadaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asclepiadaceae">milkweed</a> and <a href="Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">spurge</a> families, on the other hand, the laticiferous system is formed quite differently. Early in the development of the seedling, latex cells differentiate, and as the plant grows these latex cells grow into a branching system extending throughout the plant. In many <a href="Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">euphorbs</a>, the entire structure is made from a single cell – this type of system is known as a <i>non-articulated laticifer</i>, to distinguish it from the multi-cellular structures discussed above. In the mature plant, the entire laticiferous system is descended from a single cell or group of cells present in the <a href="Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>.
</p><p>The laticiferous system is present in all parts of the mature plant, including roots, stems, <a href="Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>, and sometimes the <a href="Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a>. It is particularly noticeable in the <a href="Cortex_(botany)" title="Cortex (botany)">cortical</a> tissues. Latex is usually exuded as a white liquid, but is some cases it can be clear, yellow or red, as in <a href="Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Productive_species">Productive species</h2></div>
<p>Latex is produced by 20,000 <a href="Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plant</a> species from over 40 <a href="Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">families</a>. These include both <a href="Dicotyledonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicotyledonous">dicots</a> and <a href="Monocotyledonous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocotyledonous">monocots</a>. Latex has been found in 14 percent of tropical plant species, as well as six percent of temperate plant species.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several members of the fungal kingdom also produce latex upon injury, such as <i><a href="Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Lactarius deliciosus</a></i> and other <a href="Lactarius_(fungus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactarius (fungus)">milk-caps</a>. This suggests it is the product of <a href="Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a> and has been selected for on many separate occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defense_function">Defense function</h2></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="./_assets_/0c70a452f799bfe840676ee341124611/Latex_being_collected_from_a_tapped_rubber_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="375" loading="lazy"><figcaption><a href="Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a> latex</figcaption></figure>
<p>Latex functions to protect plants from herbivores and fungi from fungivores. The idea was first proposed in 1887 by Joseph F. James, who noted that latex of <a href="Asclepias_syriaca" title="Asclepias syriaca">milkweed</a> "carries with it at the same time such disagreeable properties that it becomes a better protection to the plant from enemies than all the thorns, prickles, or hairs that could be provided. In this plant, so copious and so distasteful has the sap become that it serves a most important purpose in its economy".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence showing this defense function include the finding that <a href="Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> will eat leaves drained of their latex but not intact ones, that many insects sever the veins carrying latex before they feed, and that the latex of <i><a href="Asclepias_humistrata" title="Asclepias humistrata">Asclepias humistrata</a></i> (sandhill <a href="Milkweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Milkweed">milkweed</a>) kills by trapping 30% of newly hatched <a href="Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch butterfly</a> caterpillars.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has also been found in fungi, with fewer arthropods infesting latex-producing <i>Lactarius</i> than non-latex-producing <i><a href="Russula" title="Russula">Russula</a></i>. In feeding experiments using <i>Lactarius</i>, <i><a href="Ambigolimax_valentianus" title="Ambigolimax valentianus">Ambigolimax valentianus</a></i> slugs avoid feeding on mushrooms that are exuding latex.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Other evidence is that latex contains 50–1000× higher concentrations of defense substances than other plant tissues. These <a href="Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> include ones that are also toxic to the plant and consist of a diverse range of chemicals that are either poisonous or "<a href="Antinutrient" title="Antinutrient">antinutritive.</a>"
</p><p>Latex is actively moved to the area of injury; in the case of <i><a href="Cryptostegia_grandiflora" title="Cryptostegia grandiflora">Cryptostegia grandiflora</a></i>, latex more than 70&nbsp;cm from the site of injury is mobilized.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large hydrostatic pressure in this vine enables an extremely high flow rate of latex. In a 1935 report the botanist Catherine M. Bangham observed that "piercing the fruit stalk of <i>Cryptostegia grandiflora</i> produced a jet of latex over a meter long, and maintained [this jet] for several seconds."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The clotting property of latex is functional in this defense since it limits wastage and its stickiness traps insects and their mouthparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>While there exist other explanations for the existence of latex including storage and movement of plant nutrients, waste, and maintenance of water balance that "[e]ssentially none of these functions remain credible and none have any empirical support".<sup id="cite_ref-Agrawal_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agrawal-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="./_assets_/0c70a452f799bfe840676ee341124611/Opium_pod_cut_to_demonstrate_fluid_extraction1.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" loading="lazy"><figcaption><a href="Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Opium poppy</a> exuding fresh latex from a cut</figcaption></figure>
<p>The latex of many species can be processed to produce many materials.
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Balat%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Balatá">Balatá</a> and <a href="Gutta_percha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutta percha">gutta percha</a> latex contain an inelastic polymer related to rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> and <a href="Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">jelutong</a> tree latex was used in <a href="Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mathews_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mathews-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_and_healthcare_products">Personal and healthcare products</h3></div>
<p><a href="Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a> is the most important product obtained from latex; more than 12,000 plant species yield latex containing rubber, though in the vast majority of those species the rubber is not suitable for commercial use.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowers_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This latex is used to make many other products including <a href="Mattress" title="Mattress">mattresses</a>, <a href="Glove" title="Glove">gloves</a>, <a href="Swim_cap" title="Swim cap">swim caps</a>, <a href="Condom" title="Condom">condoms</a>, <a href="Catheter" title="Catheter">catheters</a> and <a href="Balloon" title="Balloon">balloons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opium_and_opiates">Opium and opiates</h3></div>
<p>Dried latex from the <a href="Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">opium poppy</a> is called <a href="Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, the source of several useful <a href="Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> <a href="Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">alkaloids</a> such as <a href="Codeine" title="Codeine">codeine</a>, <a href="Thebaine" title="Thebaine">thebaine</a>, and <a href="Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, the latter two of which can then further be used in the synthesis and manufacture of other (typically stronger) <a href="Opioids" class="mw-redirect" title="Opioids">opioids</a> for medicinal use, and of <a href="Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> for the <a href="Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illegal drug trade</a>. The opium poppy is also the source of medically useful non-analgesic alkaloids, such as <a href="Papaverine" title="Papaverine">papaverine</a> and <a href="Noscapine" title="Noscapine">noscapine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothing">Clothing</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Latex_clothing" title="Latex clothing">Latex clothing</a></div>
<p>Latex is used in many types of <a href="Clothing" title="Clothing">clothing</a>. Worn on the body (or applied directly by painting), it tends to be <a href="Skin-tight_garment" title="Skin-tight garment">skin-tight</a>, producing a "second skin" effect.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coatings_and_glues">Coatings and glues</h3></div>
<p>Synthetic latices are used in <a href="Coating" title="Coating">coatings</a> (e.g., latex paint) and <a href="Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glues</a> because they solidify by <a href="Coalescence_(chemistry)" title="Coalescence (chemistry)">coalescence</a> of the polymer particles as the water evaporates. These synthetic latices therefore can form films without releasing potentially toxic organic solvents in the environment. Other uses include cement additives and to conceal information on <a href="Scratchcard" title="Scratchcard">scratchcards</a>. Latex, usually <a href="Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a>-based, is also used in <a href="Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">immunoassays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_and_safety">Health and safety</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">Latex allergy</a></div>
<p>Some people only experience a <a href="Allergy" title="Allergy">mild allergy</a> when exposed to latex, with symptoms such as <a href="Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>, <a href="Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>, or developing a <a href="Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Others have a serious <a href="Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">latex allergy</a>, and exposure to latex products such as <a href="Latex_glove" class="mw-redirect" title="Latex glove">latex gloves</a> can cause <a href="Anaphylactic_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphylactic shock">anaphylactic shock</a>. <a href="Guayule" class="mw-redirect" title="Guayule">Guayule</a> latex has only 2% of the levels of protein found in <i><a href="Hevea" title="Hevea">Hevea</a></i> latices, and it is being researched as a lower-allergen substitute.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, chemical processes may be employed to reduce the amount of <a href="Antibody_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibody generator">antigenic protein</a> in <i>Hevea</i> latex, yielding alternative materials such as <a href="Vytex_Natural_Rubber_Latex" title="Vytex Natural Rubber Latex">Vytex Natural Rubber Latex</a> which provide significantly reduced exposure to latex allergens.
</p><p>About half of people with <a href="Spina_bifida" title="Spina bifida">spina bifida</a> are also allergic to natural latex rubber. People who have had multiple surgeries and who have had prolonged exposure to natural latex are also more susceptible to a latex allergy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Many people with latex allergy also experience allergic reactions to certain fruits. This association has led to research regarding latex-fruit syndrome (LFS). This is a phenomenon characterized by cross-reactivity between natural latex rubber allergens and certain fruit allergens, leading to allergic reactions in sensitized individuals. It was described for the first time by Blanco et al. in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In a 2024 comprehensive review by Gromek et al., the last 30 years of research on LFS were summarized, focusing on its prevalence, common cross-reactions, and clinical manifestations. The review found that the prevalence of LFS in latex-allergic patients varies widely, ranging from 4% to 88%, depending on diagnostic methods, geographical regions, and study populations. The most commonly implicated fruits in LFS include banana, avocado, kiwifruit, and papaya. Clinical manifestations are predominantly systemic, with 73% of hypersensitivity symptoms being systemic and 27% localized. Gromek et al. also highlighted the need for standardized diagnostic criteria and severity grading systems to improve the accuracy of LFS diagnosis and treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbial_degradation">Microbial degradation</h3></div>
<p>Several species of the <a href="Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbe</a> genera <i><a href="Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetes</a></i>, <i><a href="Streptomyces" title="Streptomyces">Streptomyces</a></i>, <i><a href="Nocardia" title="Nocardia">Nocardia</a></i>, <i><a href="Micromonospora" title="Micromonospora">Micromonospora</a></i>, and <i><a href="Actinoplanes" title="Actinoplanes">Actinoplanes</a></i> are capable of consuming rubber latex.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the rate of biodegradation is slow, and the growth of bacteria utilizing rubber as a sole carbon source is also slow.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_M._Lewinsohn1991" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas M. Lewinsohn (1991). "The geographical distribution of plant latex". <i>Chemoecology</i>. <b>2</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>68. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Chmec...2...64L">1991Chmec...2...64L</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01240668">10.1007/BF01240668</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44594197">44594197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemoecology&amp;rft.atitle=The+geographical+distribution+of+plant+latex&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=64-68&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44594197%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01240668&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Chmec...2...64L&amp;rft.au=Thomas+M.+Lewinsohn&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_F._James1887" class="citation journal cs1">Joseph F. James (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/jstor-2451222/2451222">"The milkweeds"</a>. <i><a href="The_American_Naturalist" title="The American Naturalist">The American Naturalist</a></i>. <b>21</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">605–</span>615. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1887ANat...21..605J">1887ANat...21..605J</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F274519">10.1086/274519</a></span>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2451222">2451222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&amp;rft.atitle=The+milkweeds&amp;rft.volume=21&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.pages=605-615&amp;rft.date=1887&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2451222%23id-name%3DJSTOR&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F274519&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1887ANat...21..605J&amp;rft.au=Joseph+F.+James&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjstor-2451222%2F2451222&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFButteryBoatman1976" class="citation book cs1">Buttery, R. R.; Boatman, S. G. (1976). Kozlowski, T. T. (ed.). <i>Water Deficits and Plant Growth, Volume IV: Soil Water Measurement, Plant Responses, and Breeding for Drought Resistance</i>. Vol.&nbsp;IV (1st&nbsp;ed.). New York, New York 10003: Academic Press, Inc. p.&nbsp;252. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>978-0124314269</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Water+Deficits+and+Plant+Growth%2C+Volume+IV%3A+Soil+Water+Measurement%2C+Plant+Responses%2C+and+Breeding+for+Drought+Resistance&amp;rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York+10003&amp;rft.pages=252&amp;rft.edition=1st&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press%2C+Inc.&amp;rft.date=1976&amp;rft.isbn=978-0124314269&amp;rft.aulast=Buttery&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+R.&amp;rft.au=Boatman%2C+S.+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>:  CS1 maint: location (link)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2012" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Maurice (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tpDuBwAAQBAJ"><i>Rubber Technology</i></a> (3rd&nbsp;ed.). Springer Science &amp; Business Media. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>978-1461578239</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Rubber+Technology&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=978-1461578239&amp;rft.aulast=Morton&amp;rft.aufirst=Maurice&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtpDuBwAAQBAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Mathews-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMathews2009" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Jennifer P. (2009). <i>Chicle: The chewing gum of the Americas, from the ancient Maya to William Wrigley</i>. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>978-0-8165-2821-9</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Chicle%3A+The+chewing+gum+of+the+Americas%2C+from+the+ancient+Maya+to+William+Wrigley&amp;rft.place=Tucson&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2821-9&amp;rft.aulast=Mathews&amp;rft.aufirst=Jennifer+P.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Bowers-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bowers_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJ._E._Bowers1990" class="citation book cs1">J. E. Bowers (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CAT91942814"><i>Natural Rubber-Producing Plants for the United States</i></a>. Beltsville, MD: National Agricultural Library. pp.&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/CAT91942814/page/1">1</a>, 3. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28534889">28534889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Natural+Rubber-Producing+Plants+for+the+United+States&amp;rft.place=Beltsville%2C+MD&amp;rft.pages=1%2C+3&amp;rft.pub=National+Agricultural+Library&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28534889&amp;rft.au=J.+E.+Bowers&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FCAT91942814&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen2025" class="citation web cs1">Nguyen, Khoa (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537334/">"Latex Allergy (Nursing)"</a>. StatPearls Publishing. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33760516">33760516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Latex+Allergy+%28Nursing%29&amp;rft.pub=StatPearls+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2025&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33760516&amp;rft.aulast=Nguyen&amp;rft.aufirst=Khoa&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK537334%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrunton2018" class="citation book cs1">Brunton, Laurence L. (2018). <i>Goodman &amp; Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics</i>. McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>978-1259585739</bdi>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Goodman+%26+Gilman%27s+The+Pharmacological+Basis+of+Therapeutics&amp;rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&amp;rft.date=2018&amp;rft.isbn=978-1259585739&amp;rft.aulast=Brunton&amp;rft.aufirst=Laurence+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Kink and everyday life&nbsp;: interdisciplinary reflections on practice and portrayal</i>. Kylo-Patrick R. Hart, Teresa Cutler-Broyles. Bingley. 2021. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>978-1-83982-918-5</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1262726608">1262726608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Kink+and+everyday+life+%3A+interdisciplinary+reflections+on+practice+and+portrayal&amp;rft.place=Bingley&amp;rft.date=2021&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1262726608&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-83982-918-5&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>:  CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)</span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAkamineSatoKagayaOhkubo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Akamine, Y.; Sato, S.; Kagaya, H.; Ohkubo, T.; Satoh, S.; Miura, M. (2018-04-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcpt.12686">"Comparison of electrochemiluminescence immunoassay and latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay for evaluation of everolimus blood concentrations in renal transplant patients"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics</i>. <b>43</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">675–</span>681. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcpt.12686">10.1111/jcpt.12686</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0269-4727">0269-4727</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29679392">29679392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Pharmacy+and+Therapeutics&amp;rft.atitle=Comparison+of+electrochemiluminescence+immunoassay+and+latex+agglutination+turbidimetric+immunoassay+for+evaluation+of+everolimus+blood+concentrations+in+renal+transplant+patients&amp;rft.volume=43&amp;rft.issue=5&amp;rft.pages=675-681&amp;rft.date=2018-04-20&amp;rft.issn=0269-4727&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29679392&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjcpt.12686&amp;rft.aulast=Akamine&amp;rft.aufirst=Y.&amp;rft.au=Sato%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Kagaya%2C+H.&amp;rft.au=Ohkubo%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Satoh%2C+S.&amp;rft.au=Miura%2C+M.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjcpt.12686&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonDaniels2018" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Christopher D.; Daniels, Eric S. (8 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=De9RUVtQ5TQC&amp;q=artificial+polyisoprene+protein&amp;pg=PA33"><i>Emulsion Polymerisation and Latex Applications</i></a>. iSmithers Rapra Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>9781859573815</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240602142447/https://books.google.com/books?id=De9RUVtQ5TQC&amp;q=artificial+polyisoprene+protein&amp;pg=PA33#v=snippet&amp;q=artificial%20polyisoprene%20protein&amp;f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2018</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Emulsion+Polymerisation+and+Latex+Applications&amp;rft.pub=iSmithers+Rapra+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2018-05-08&amp;rft.isbn=9781859573815&amp;rft.aulast=Anderson&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher+D.&amp;rft.au=Daniels%2C+Eric+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDe9RUVtQ5TQC%26q%3Dartificial%2Bpolyisoprene%2Bprotein%26pg%3DPA33&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBlancoCarrilloCastilloQuiralte1994" class="citation journal cs1">Blanco, C.; Carrillo, T.; Castillo, R.; Quiralte, J.; Cuevas, M. (October 1994). "Latex allergy: clinical features and cross-reactivity with fruits". <i>Annals of Allergy</i>. <b>73</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">309–</span>314. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-4738">0003-4738</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7943998">7943998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Allergy&amp;rft.atitle=Latex+allergy%3A+clinical+features+and+cross-reactivity+with+fruits&amp;rft.volume=73&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=309-314&amp;rft.date=1994-10&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7943998&amp;rft.issn=0003-4738&amp;rft.aulast=Blanco&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Carrillo%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Castillo%2C+R.&amp;rft.au=Quiralte%2C+J.&amp;rft.au=Cuevas%2C+M.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGromekKołdejŚwitałaMajsiak2024" class="citation journal cs1">Gromek, Weronika; Kołdej, Natalia; Świtała, Szymon; Majsiak, Emilia; Kurowski, Marcin (2024-07-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11278189">"Revisiting Latex-Fruit Syndrome after 30 Years of Research: A Comprehensive Literature Review and Description of Two Cases"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Medicine</i>. <b>13</b> (14): 4222. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjcm13144222">10.3390/jcm13144222</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-0383">2077-0383</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11278189">11278189</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064262">39064262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Medicine&amp;rft.atitle=Revisiting+Latex-Fruit+Syndrome+after+30+Years+of+Research%3A+A+Comprehensive+Literature+Review+and+Description+of+Two+Cases&amp;rft.volume=13&amp;rft.issue=14&amp;rft.pages=4222&amp;rft.date=2024-07-19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11278189%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.issn=2077-0383&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39064262&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fjcm13144222&amp;rft.aulast=Gromek&amp;rft.aufirst=Weronika&amp;rft.au=Ko%C5%82dej%2C+Natalia&amp;rft.au=%C5%9Awita%C5%82a%2C+Szymon&amp;rft.au=Majsiak%2C+Emilia&amp;rft.au=Kurowski%2C+Marcin&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11278189&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHelge_B._BodeAxel_ZeeckKirsten_PlückhahnDieter_Jendrossek2000" class="citation journal cs1">Helge B. Bode; Axel Zeeck; Kirsten Plückhahn; Dieter Jendrossek (September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92206">"Physiological and Chemical Investigations into Microbial Degradation of Synthetic Poly(cis-1,4-isoprene)"</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>66</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">3680–</span>3685. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ApEnM..66.3680B">2000ApEnM..66.3680B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Faem.66.9.3680-3685.2000">10.1128/aem.66.9.3680-3685.2000</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC92206">92206</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10966376">10966376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Physiological+and+Chemical+Investigations+into+Microbial+Degradation+of+Synthetic+Poly%28cis-1%2C4-isoprene%29&amp;rft.volume=66&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=3680-3685&amp;rft.date=2000-09&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC92206%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10966376&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Faem.66.9.3680-3685.2000&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ApEnM..66.3680B&amp;rft.au=Helge+B.+Bode&amp;rft.au=Axel+Zeeck&amp;rft.au=Kirsten+Pl%C3%BCckhahn&amp;rft.au=Dieter+Jendrossek&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC92206&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRoseSteinbuchel2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rose, K.; Steinbuchel, A. (2 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1151847">"Biodegradation of Natural Rubber and Related Compounds: Recent Insights into a Hardly Understood Catabolic Capability of Microorganisms"</a>. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>71</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">2803–</span>2812. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApEnM..71.2803R">2005ApEnM..71.2803R</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAEM.71.6.2803-2812.2005">10.1128/AEM.71.6.2803-2812.2005</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1151847">1151847</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a>&nbsp;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15932971">15932971</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Applied+and+Environmental+Microbiology&amp;rft.atitle=Biodegradation+of+Natural+Rubber+and+Related+Compounds%3A+Recent+Insights+into+a+Hardly+Understood+Catabolic+Capability+of+Microorganisms&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.pages=2803-2812&amp;rft.date=2005-06-02&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1151847%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15932971&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAEM.71.6.2803-2812.2005&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005ApEnM..71.2803R&amp;rft.aulast=Rose&amp;rft.aufirst=K.&amp;rft.au=Steinbuchel%2C+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1151847&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALatex" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1316373843">
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<ul><li><i><a href="Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></i></li>
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<ul><li><a href="Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li>
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<li><a href="Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li>
<li><a href="Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li>
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<li><a href="Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li>
<li><a href="Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li>
<li><a href="Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li>
<li><a href="Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li>
<li><a href="Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a>
<ul><li><a href="Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li>
<li><a href="Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li>
<li><a href="Glade_(geography)" title="Glade (geography)">Glade</a></li>
<li><a href="Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li>
<li><a href="Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a>
<ul><li><a href="Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a>
<ul><li><a href="Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Multipurpose_tree" title="Multipurpose tree">Multipurpose tree</a></li>
<li><a href="Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li>
<li><a href="Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li>
<li><a href="Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a>
<ul><li><a href="Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li>
<li><a href="Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a>
<ul><li><a href="Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li>
<li><a href="Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li>
<li><a href="Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li>
<li><a href="Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br>topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li>
<li><a href="Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li>
<li><a href="Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li>
<li><a href="Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li>
<li><a href="Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li>
<li><a href="Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li>
<li><a href="Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li>
<li><a href="Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li>
<li><a href="Forest_reference_emission_level" title="Forest reference emission level">Forest reference emission level</a></li>
<li><a href="Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li>
<li><a href="Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li>
<li><a href="Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li>
<li><a href="High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li>
<li><a href="Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a>
<ul><li><a href="Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a>
<ul><li><a href="Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li>
<li><a href="National_forest_monitoring_system" title="National forest monitoring system">National forest monitoring system</a></li>
<li><a href="REDD%2B" title="REDD+">REDD+</a></li>
<li><a href="Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a>
<ul><li><i><a href="Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li>
<li><a href="Slash-and-burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li>
<li><a href="Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li>
<li><i><a href="Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li>
<li><a href="Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li>
<li><a href="Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li>
<li><a href="Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li>
<li><a href="Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li>
<li><a href="Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li>
<li><a href="Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li>
<li><a href="Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a>
<ul><li><a href="Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li>
<li><a href="Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li>
<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li>
<li><a href="Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a>
<ul><li><a href="Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li>
<li><a href="Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li>
<li><a href="Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li>
<li><a href="Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li>
<li><a href="Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li>
<li><a href="Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li>
<li><a href="Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li>
<li><a href="Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a>
<ul><li><a href="Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a>
<ul><li><a href="Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li>
<li><a href="Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li>
<li><a href="Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li>
<li><a href="Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li>
<li><a href="Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a>
<ul><li><a href="Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li>
<li><a href="Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li>
<li><a href="Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li>
<li><a href="Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li>
<li><a href="Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li>
<li><a href="Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li>
<li><a href="Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a>
<ul><li><a href="Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li>
<li><a href="Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li>
<li><a href="Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li>
<li><a href="Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li>
<li><a href="Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li>
<li><a href="Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li>
<li><a href="Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li>
<li><a href="Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li>
<li><a href="Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li>
<li><a href="Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li>
<li><a href="Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li>
<li><a href="Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li>
<li><a href="Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li>
<li><a href="Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="./_assets_/0c70a452f799bfe840676ee341124611/People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" loading="lazy"></span></span> <b>WikiProject</b></li>
<li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="icon" src="./_assets_/0c70a452f799bfe840676ee341124611/Tree_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" loading="lazy"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ATrees" title="Portal:Trees">Trees portal</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="./_assets_/c8f24dc75f9c782269c846c9b17e400f/Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" loading="lazy"></span></span> Category</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="./_assets_/0c70a452f799bfe840676ee341124611/Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" loading="lazy"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_forestry" title="Outline of forestry">Outline</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products5042" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-timber_forest_products5042" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li>
<li><a href="Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a>
<ul><li><a href="Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Berries&nbsp;/ tree fruit</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li>
<li><a href="Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li>
<li><a href="Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li>
<li><a href="Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li>
<li><a href="Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li>
<li><a href="Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li>
<li><a href="Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li>
<li><a href="Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li>
<li><a href="Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li>
<li><a href="Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li>
<li><a href="Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li>
<li><a href="Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li>
<li><a href="Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li>
<li><a href="Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li>
<li><a href="Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li>
<li><a href="Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li>
<li><a href="Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Edible plants&nbsp;/ roots</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li>
<li><a href="Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li>
<li><a href="Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li>
<li><a href="Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li>
<li><a href="Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a>
<ul><li><a href="Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a>
<ul><li><a href="Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li>
<li><a href="Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li>
<li><a href="Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li>
<li><a href="Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a>
<ul><li><a href="Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li>
<li><a href="Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li>
<li><a href="Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li>
<li><a href="Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li>
<li><a href="Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li>
<li><a href="Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mushrooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li>
<li><a href="Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li>
<li><a href="Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li>
<li><a href="Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li>
<li><a href="Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li>
<li><a href="Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li>
<li><a href="Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li>
<li><a href="Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li>
<li><a href="Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li>
<li><a href="Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li>
<li><a href="Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li>
<li><a href="Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li>
<li><a href="Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li>
<li><a href="Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li>
<li><a href="Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li>
<li><a href="Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Nuts</li><li>spices</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li>
<li><a href="Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li>
<li><a href="Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li>
<li><a href="Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li>
<li><a href="Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li>
<li><a href="Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li>
<li><a href="Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li>
<li><a href="Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li>
<li><a href="Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li>
<li><a href="Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li>
<li><a href="Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li>
<li><a href="Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Oil</li><li>waxes</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li>
<li><a href="Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li>
<li><a href="Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li>
<li><a href="Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li>
<li><a href="Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li>
<li><a href="Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li>
<li><a href="Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li>
<li><a href="Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li>
<li><a href="Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li>
<li><a href="Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li>
<li><a href="Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li>
<li><a href="Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li>
<li><a href="Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li>
<li><a href="Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li>
<li><a href="Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li>
<li><a href="Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li>
<li><a href="Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li>
<li><a href="Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li>
<li><a href="Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li>
<li><a href="Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li>
<li><a href="Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a>&nbsp;(<a href="Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li>
<li><a href="Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li>
<li><a href="Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li>
<li><a href="Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li>
<li><a href="Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li>
<li><a href="Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li>
<li><a href="Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li>
<li><a href="Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li>
<li><a href="Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li>
<li><a href="Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li>
<li><a href="Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Benzoin_(resin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li>
<li><a href="Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li>
<li><a href="Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li>
<li><a href="Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li>
<li><a href="Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li>
<li><a href="Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li>
<li><a href="Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li>
<li><a href="Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li>
<li><a href="Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li>
<li><a href="Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li>
<li><a href="Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li>
<li><a href="Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li>
<li><a href="Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li>
<li><a href="Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li>
<li><a href="Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sap&nbsp;/ gum&nbsp;/ etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li>
<li><a href="Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li>
<li><a href="Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li>
<li><a href="Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li>
<li><a href="Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li>
<li><a href="Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Latex</a></li>
<li><a href="Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li>
<li><a href="Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li>
<li><a href="Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li>
<li><a href="Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a>
<ul><li><a href="Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li>
<li><a href="Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li>
<li><a href="Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li>
<li><a href="Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a>
<ul><li><a href="Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li>
<li><a href="Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li>
<li><a href="Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li>
<li><a href="Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li>
<li><a href="Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li>
<li><a href="Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li>
<li><a href="Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li>
<li><a href="Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li>
<li><a href="Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li>
<li><a href="Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a>
<ul><li><a href="Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li>
<li><a href="Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li>
<li><a href="Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li>
<li><a href="Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li>
<li><a href="Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a>
<ul><li><a href="Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li>
<li><a href="Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li>
<li><a href="Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li>
<li><a href="Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li>
<li><a href="Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a>&nbsp;/ <a href="Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li>
<li><a href="Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li>
<li><a href="Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li>
<li><a href="Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li>
<li><a href="Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li>
<li><a href="Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li>
<li><a href="Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li>
<li><a href="Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="./_assets_/c8f24dc75f9c782269c846c9b17e400f/Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" loading="lazy"></span></span> Category</li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="./_assets_/c8f24dc75f9c782269c846c9b17e400f/Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" loading="lazy"></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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