List of contemporary ethnic groups of Europe

The following is a list of contemporary ethnic groups of Europe. There has been constant debate over the classification of ethnic groups. Membership of an ethnic group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically includes aspects such as religion, mythology and ritual, cuisine, dressing (clothing) style and other factors.

By the nature of the concept, ethnic groups tend to be divided into subgroups, may themselves be or not be identified as independent ethnic groups depending on the source consulted.

Europe here is considered to be approximately delimited from North America by the Greenland Sea (extending west to Svalbard, Jan Mayen, and Iceland along the Fram and Denmark straits); from Asia by Thrace at the border between the Istanbul and Kocaeli Provinces, the Sea of Marmara, the Dardanelles, the Greater Caucasus Mountains, the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, the Kara Sea, and the Greek Aegean Islands; and from Africa by the Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Sicily, and Strait of Gibraltar.

Ethnic groups

See also: List of languages by number of native speakers

The following groups are commonly identified as "ethnic groups", as opposed to ethno-linguistic phyla, national groups, racial groups or similar.[1][2]

Ethnicity Language(s) Primary homeland Subgroups, tribes & castes Religion(s)
Abazins Northwest Caucasian → Abazgi → Abaza Russia (Abazinia) Islam → Sunnism
Afro-Turks Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish Turkey Islam
Aghuls Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Aghul[note 1] Russia (Dagestan) Islam → Sunnism[3]
Akhvakhs Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Akhvakh[note 1] Russia (Dagestan) Islam
Albanians Indo-European → Albanoid → Albanian[note 1]
Albanian Sign
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign 		Southeastern Europe Ghegs (including Arbanasi and Kosovars), Tosks (including Arbereshe, Cham Albanians, Arvanites, Lab Albanians), Albanian tribes, along with significant populations in Eastern Thrace, France, the United Kingdom Italy, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Nordic countries, Switzerland, Greece (including Western Thrace), Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, Croatia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Bulgaria, North Macedonia Islam → Sunnism, Sufism → Bektashism; Christianity
Alsatians Indo-European → Germanic → Alsatian[note 2] France (Alsace) Christianity → Catholicism
Andis Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Andi Russia (Dagestan) Islam
Angevins Indo-European → Romance → Angevin[note 2] France (Anjou) Christianity → Catholicism
Anglo-Irish Indo-European → Germanic → English → Hiberno-English
Francosign → Irish Sign, BANZSL → British Sign
BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign 		Ireland Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism
Aragonese Indo-European → Romance → Aragonese, Spanish Spain (Aragon) Oscenses, Zaragozans, Turolenses Christianity → Catholicism
Archis Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Archi Russia (Dagestan) Islam → Sunnism
Armenians Indo-European → Armenian[note 1]
Northwest Caucasian → Circassian[note 1]
Armenian Sign
Historically Turkic → Kipchak → Armeno-Kipchak 		Ukraine (Crimea, Nakhichevan-on-Don), Russia (Kuban, North Caucasus) Cherkesogai, Armeno-Tats, Hayhurum, along with significant populations in Russia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Serbia, Poland, Greece, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Ukraine (including Crimea), France, Spain, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Switzerland, Italy, Malta, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Germany Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy → Armenian Apostolic Orthodoxy
Christianity → Eastern Catholicism → Armenian Catholicism
Christianity → Eastern Protestantism → Armenian Evangelicalism
Aromanians Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian Southeastern Europe (Greece, Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania)[note 3] Significant populations in Greece, Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, and North Macedonia, along with diaspora populations Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians Indo-European → Albanoid → Albanian[note 1] Southeastern Europe (Kosovo, Serbia, Montenegro, Albania, North Macedonia, Croatia) Islam → Sunnism
Asturians Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese → Asturian
Indo-European → Romance → Galician and Asturleonese → Eonavian[note 4]
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Castrapo 		Spain (Asturias) Eonavians Christianity → Catholicism
Avars Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Avar Russia (Dagestan, Chechnya, Kalmykia) Islam → Sunnism
Azerbaijanis Turkic → Oghuz → Azeri[note 1]
Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Azerbaijani Sign 		Russia (Dagestan) Dagestani Azerbaijanis, along with significant populations in Russia Islam → Shi'ism
Bagvalals Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Bagvalal Russia (Dagestan) Islam → Sunnism
Balkars Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay–Balkar → Balkar Russia (Kabardino-Balkaria) Islam → Sunnism
Bashkirs Turkic → Kipchak → Bashkir Russia (Badzhgard, Tatarstan, Perm Krai, Orenburg) Northeastern (Aile, Badrak, Bikatin, Bishul, Duvan, Kalmak, Katai, Kossy, Kuvakan, Kudey, Kumruk, Murzy, Salyut, Syzgy, Synryan, Syrzy, Tabyn, Tersyak, Upey), Northwestern (Baylar, Balyksy, Bulyar, Gaina, Gere, Duvaney, Elan, Adyak, Adey, Irekte, Kanly, Karshin, Kirghiz, Taz, Tanyp, Uvanysh, Un, Uran, Jurmi), Southeastern (Burzyan, Kypsak, Tamyan, Tangaur, Usergan, Jurmaty), Southwestern (Ming) Islam → Sunnism
Basques Aquitanian → Basque[note 5] Basque Country (Spain, France) Navarreans, Alavans, Biscayans, Gipuzkoans, Northern Basques Christianity → Catholicism
Belarusians Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian[note 6] Belarus, Lithuania (Vilnius Region), Polesia (Poland, Ukraine), Russia (Smolensk Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Oryol Oblast), and neighboring regions Significant populations in Poland, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, and Russia Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Belarusian Orthodoxy
Christianity → Eastern Catholicism → Belarusian Greek Catholicism
Berrichons Indo-European → Romance → Berrichon[note 2]
Francosign → French Sign 		France (Berry) Christianity → Catholicism
Bezhta Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Bezhta Russia (Tsuntinsky District) Islam → Sunnism
Bosniaks Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Bosnian
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Bosnian Sign 		Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sandžak (Serbia, Montenegro), and neighboring regions Significant populations in Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Albania, Kosovo, Slovenia, North Macedonia, East Thrace, Sweden, Austria, Germany Islam → Sunnism
Botlikhs Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Botlikh Russia (Dagestan) Islam → Sunnism[4]
Bretons Indo-European → Celtic → Breton[note 1][note 7][note 2]
Indo-European → Romance → Gallo[note 2]
Francosign → French Sign 		France (Brittany) Christianity → Catholicism
Bulgarians Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian, Torlakian
Francosign → Bulgarian Sign 		Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia, and neighboring regions Pomaks, Shopi, Paulicians, Macedonian Bulgarians, Bessarabian Bulgarians, Dobrujan Bulgarians, Thracian Bulgarians, Crimean Bulgarians, Karakachani, along with significant populations in East Thrace, Croatia, Germany, Spain, Romania, North Macedonia, Hungary, Serbia, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, Kazakhstan, Ukraine Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Camminanti Indo-European → Romance → Baccagghiu Italy (Sicily) Christianity
Catalans Indo-European → Romance → Catalan[note 2]
LSCic → Catalan Sign 		Catalan Countries (Spain, France, Andorra, Italy) Andorrans, Balears, Algherese, Roussillonese Christianity → Catholicism
Chamalals Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Chamalal Russia (Tsumadinsky District) Islam → Sunnism; Animism
Champenois Indo-European → Romance → Champenois[note 2]
Francosign → French Sign 		France (Champagne) Christianity → Catholicism
Channel Islanders Indo-European → Romance → Norman → Anglo-Norman
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Channel Island English
BANZSL → British Sign 		British Crown Dependencies (Channel Islands) Jèrriais (including Sercquiais), Guernésiais, Auregnais Christianity
Chechens Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Chechen Russia (Chechnya, Aukh, Orstkhoy-Mokhk) Kists, Chechen Kurds, Aukhs (including Veappiis), Orstkhoys, Terloys, Shatoys, Ghendargnoys, Zandkhoys, Chinkhoys, other teips with significant populations in Austria, France Islam → Sunnism
Historically Vainakh religion
Chuvash Turkic → Oghur → Chuvash Russia (Chuvashia) Virjal, Anatri Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy; Vattisen Yaly
Circassians Northwest Caucasian → Circassian[note 1]
Historically Northwest Caucasian → Ubykh, Chakobsa 		Russia (Circassia)[note 8] Abzakhs, Adygeans, Besleneys, Bzhedugs, Chemguys, Cherkess, Kabardians, Natukhajs, Shapsugs, Ubykhs, Makhosh, Yegeruqways and Hatuqays, with significant populations in East Thrace, Germany, Bulgaria Islam → Sunnism → Hanafism, Sufism → Naqshbandism
Cornish Indo-European → Celtic → Cornish[note 9]
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Cornish English
BANZSL → British Sign 		United Kingdom (Cornwall) Christianity → Protestantism → Anglicanism, Methodism
Corsicans Indo-European → Romance → Corsican[note 2] France (Corsica) Christianity → Catholicism
Cossacks Indo-European → Slavic → Russian, Ukrainian, Balachka Russia (Southern Russia), Ukraine (Eastern Ukraine), and neighboring regions Terek Cossacks, Don Cossacks, Kuban Cossacks, Ural Cossacks, Astrakhan Cossacks Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Crimean Tatars Turkic → Kipchak → Middle Crimean Tatar, Northern Crimean Tatar, Dobrujan Tatar
Turkic → Oghuz → Balkan Gagauz → Southern Crimean Tatar
Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Crimean Romani 		Ukraine (Crimea) Steppe, Mountain, and Southcoast tribes, Crimean Roma (including Urmacheli, Krimurja, Tayfa), along with Significant populations in Romania Islam → Sunnism
Croats Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian[note 1][note 10]
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign[note 1] 		Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Kosovo, Austria (Burgenland), and neighboring regions
Italy (Campobasso) 		Bunjevci, Krashovani, Janjevci, Šokci, Bosnian and Herzegovinian Croats, Montenegrin Croats, Serbian Croats, Slovenian Croats, Burgenland Croats, Croat Muslims, along with significant populations in Italy (including Molise Croats), the Czech Republic, Germany Christianity → Catholicism
Czechs Indo-European → Slavic → Czech
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Czech Sign 		Czech Republic and neighboring regions Bohemians, Chodové, Chods, Podlužáci, along with significant populations in Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, France, Poland, Serbia Christianity → Catholicism[note 11]
Danes Indo-European → Germanic → Danish, East Danish, Jutish
Francosign? → DTSic → Danish Sign 		Danish Realm (Denmark), Germany (Southern Schleswig) Southern Schleswig Danes Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Dargins Northeast Caucasian → Dargin[note 1] Russia (Dagestan) Kaitags, Southern Dargins (including Kubachis and Itsaris), Chirags, Mehwebs, Tsudaqars, Northern Dargins (including Kadars, Aqushas, and Urakhis) Islam → Sunnism
Dobrujan Tatars Turkic → Kipchak → Dobrujan Tatar
Indo-European → Romance → Romanian 		Romania (Constanța County) Islam → Sunnism
Dauphinois Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provençal → Dauphinois[note 2]
Indo-European → Romance → Occitan → Dauphinois-Alpine
Francosign → French Sign 		France (Dauphiné) Christianity → Catholicism
Dutch Indo-European → Germanic → Low Franconian,[note 1] Dutch Low Saxon[note 1]
Francosign → Dutch Sign 		Netherlands Northern Dutch (including Hollanders, Zeelanders), Southern Dutch[note 12] (including Dutch Limburgers, North Brabantians, Kleverlanders) Christianity[note 11]
English Indo-European → Germanic → English → England English United Kingdom (England) New Forest commoners, Vectensians, Berwickers, Northern English, Moonrakers, Yorkshiremen Christianity
Erzyas Uralic → Mordvinic → Erzya Russia (Mordovia) Shokshas Christianity → Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism → Lutheranism
Erzyan native religion
Estonians Uralic → Finnic → Northern Estonian, Southern Estonian, Eastern Estonian, Northeastern coastal Estonian
Francosign → RSLic → Estonian Sign 		Estonia, Setomaa (Estonia and Russia), Latvia (Ludza, Gauja) Setos, Võros, Hiiumaans, Saaremaans, Mulgis, Ludza Estonians, Gauja Estonians, Tartu Estonians, Yestonians, with significant populations in Finland Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism[note 11]
Faroe Islanders Indo-European → Germanic → Faroese, Danish → Gøtudanskt Danish Realm (Faroe Islands) Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Finns Uralic → Finnic → Finnish, Meänkieli
Indo-European → Germanic → Finland Swedish
SSLic → FSLic[note 1] 		Fennoscandia (Finland, Russia, Sweden, Norway) Forest Finns, Tornedalians, Ingrian Finns, Savonians, Tavastians, Finns proper, Ostrobothnians, Peräpohjalaiset, Finnish Karelians, Finland Swedes, Kainuu, and Murmansk Finns, along with significant populations in Sweden, Switzerland Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Flemings[note 12] Indo-European → Germanic → Zeelandic, West Flemish,[note 2] Dutch → Flemish
Francosign → Belgian Sign → Flemish Sign 		Belgium (Flanders, Brussels), France (French Flanders), Netherlands (Zeelandic Flanders) Belgian Flemings, Zeelandic Flemings, French Flemings Christianity → Catholicism
Foreziens Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provençal → Forezien[note 2]
Francosign → French Sign 		France (Forez) Christianity → Catholicism
Francs-Comtois Indo-European → Romance → Frainc-Comtou[note 2] France (Franche-Comte) Christianity → Catholicism
French Indo-European → Romance → Oïl[note 1][note 2]
Francosign → French Sign 		France Parisians Christianity → Catholicism
Frisians Indo-European → Germanic → Frisian,[note 1] Friso-Saxon,[note 1] Dutch → West Frisian Dutch
Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch and West Lauwers Frisian → Stadsfries Dutch 		Frisia (Netherlands, Germany, historically Denmark) West Frisians (including West Lauwers Frisians, Hindeloopen Frisians, Molkwerum Frisians, Schiermonnikoog Frisians, and Terschelling Frisians), East Frisians, North Frisians, Saterland Frisians Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism, Lutheranism[note 11][5]
Friulians Indo-European → Romance → Friulian Italy (Friuli) Christianity → Catholicism
Gagauz Turkic → Oghuz → Gagauz Moldova (Gagauzia, Taraclia, Basarabeasca), Ukraine (Budjak) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Gajal Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish
Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian 		Bulgaria (Ludogorie), Turkey (East Thrace) Islam → Sunni Islam
Galicians Indo-European → Romance → Galician, Spanish → Castrapo Spain (Galicia, Galicia irredenta) Couto Mixtans Christianity → Catholicism
Georgians Kartvelian languages[note 1] Poland (Warsaw), Russia (Moscow, Saint Petersburg), Ukraine (Donetsk Oblast, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast) Adjarians, Gurians, Imeretians, Imerkhevians, Ingiloys, Javakhians, Kakhetians, Khevsurians, Meskhetians, Mingrelians, Mokheves, Mtiuletians, Pshavs, Rachians, Svans, Tushetians. Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Georgian Orthodoxy
Germans Indo-European → Germanic → High German,[note 1] Low German,[note 1] Limburgish
DGSic → German Sign 		Central and Eastern Europe (especially Germany, Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, and neighboring regions) Black Sea Germans, Crimea Germans, Volga Germans, Transylvania Saxons, Carpathian Germans (including Zipser Germans), Bavarians, Palatines, Gottscheers, Silesian Germans, Swabians (including Satu Mare Swabians), Danube Swabians (including Banat Swabians), Sudeten Germans, Baltic Germans, Liège Germans, North Schleswig Germans, Olomouc Germans, Bukovina Germans, Halcnovians, German-speaking Swiss, Austrians (including South Tyroleans, Cimbrians, Mochènos Christianity
Gibraltarians Indo-European → Romance → Spanish → Llanito
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Gibraltarian English
BANZSL → British Sign[6] 		British Overseas Territories (Gibraltar) Significant populations in the United Kingdom Christianity → Catholicism
Gorals Indo-European → Slavic → Polish → Gorolski
Indo-European → Slavic → Silesian → Cieszyn Silesian 		Southern Poland, northern Slovakia, Cieszyn Silesia (Poland, Czech Republic) Żywiec Gorals, Silesian Gorals Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Lutheranism
Gorani Indo-European → Slavic → Torlakian → Gorani Gora (Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia) Islam → Sunni Islam
Greeks Indo-European → Hellenic[note 1]
Turkic → Kipchak → Urum, Turkish → Karamanli Turkish, Tsalka
Indo-European → Romance → Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian
Indo-European → Albanian → Arvanitika
Indo-European → Slavic → Macedo-Bulgarian[note 1]
Francosign → French Sign and American Sign → Greek Sign 		Greece, Cyprus, Albania (Northern Epirus), Ukraine (Crimea, Pryazovia), Turkey (Istanbul), Italy (Magna Graecia), Bulgaria (Balkan Mountains, Rila, Northeastern Bulgaria), North Macedonia, Russia (North Caucasus), and neighboring regions Asia Minor Greeks (including Pontic Greeks, Cappadocian Greeks (including Karamanlides), Constantinopolites), Greek Muslims (including Vallahades), Sarakatsani (including Karakachani), Souliotes, Azov Greeks (including Mariupol Greeks, Crimean Urums), Italiots (including Grikos and Grecanici), Macedonian Greeks, Tsakonians, Maniots, Karagounides, Phanariots, Caucasus Greeks, Sfakians, Slavophone Greeks, Corfiot Greeks, and sizeable populations of Arvanites, Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians who identify as ethnic Greeks, along with significant populations in Albania (including Northern Epirotes (including Himariotes)), Eastern Thrace, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Malta Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Greek Byzantine Catholicism, historically Hellenism, Neoplatonism, Greco-Roman Mysteries
Hinukh Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hinuq Russia (Tsuntinsky and Kizlyarsky districts) Islam → Sunni Islam
Hungarians Uralic → Hungarian
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Hungarian Sign
Historically Indo-European → Iranic → Jassic 		Hungary, Romania (Székely Land, Csángó Land, Bukovina), and neighboring regions Palóc, Matyó, Hungarian Cumans, Jasz, along with significant populations in Romania (including Székelys (including Bukovina Székelys) and Csángós), Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine, Croatia, Slovenia, Austria, Germany Christianity → Catholicism, Hungarian Unitarianism, Eastern Catholicism → Hungarian Greek Catholicism
Hunzibs Northeast Caucasian → Tsezic → Hunzib Russia (Tsuntinsky District) Islam → Sunni Islam
Icelanders Indo-European → Germanic → Icelandic
Francosign → DTSic → Icelandic Sign 		Iceland Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism, Asartu
Ingushes Northeast Caucasian → Nakh → Ingush, Chechen → Orstkhoy Russia (Ingushetia, Orstkhoy-Mokhk, Ossetian Prigorodny, Vladikavkaz) Orstkhoys, Dzherakhs, Sholkhis, Feappiis, Khamkhins, Tsorins, Galashians, Nazranians, other shahars Islam → Sunni Islam → Shafi'i
Historically Vainakh religion
Irish Indo-European → Celtic → Irish
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Hiberno-English
Francosign → Irish Sign
BANZSL → British Sign → Northern Ireland Sign
Historically Indo-European → Germanic → Yola and Fingallian 		Ireland Irish Catholics, Forth and Bargy people, significant populations in United Kingdom (including Ulster Scots people), Mainland Europe Christianity → Catholicism and Protestantism
Irish Travellers Indo-European → Irish and English → Shelta;
Francosign → Irish Sign 		Ireland Significant populations in the United Kingdom Christianity → Catholicism
Istro-Romanians Indo-European → Romance → Istro-Romanian Croatia (Istria) Christianity → Catholicism
Italians Indo-European → Romance → Italo-Dalmatian,[note 1] Gallo-Italic[note 1][note 2]
Indo-European → Slavic → Slavomolisano
Francosign → LISic → Italian Sign[note 1]
Historically Indo-European → Romance → Dalmatian 		Italy, Switzerland (Italian Grisons, Ticino), France (Nice), San Marino, Vatican City, Croatia (Dalmatia, Croatian Istria), Montenegro (Dalmatia), Slovenia (Slovenian Istria, Slovene Littoral), Greece (Corfu) Lombards, Lombards of Sicily, Lombards of Basilicata, Emilians, Tuscans, Romagnols (including Sammarinese), Venetians, Piedmontese, Central Italians, Southern Italians, Extreme Southern Italians (including Sicilians (including Pelagie Islanders (including Lampedusans, Linosans), Pantellerians)) Molise Croats,[7] Dalmatian Italians, Istrian Italians, Niçard Italians, Corfiot Italians, Swiss Italians, Ligurians (including Ligurian Gibraltarians, Genoese, Monégasques), with significant populations in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Romania, Croatia, Crimea, Belgium, Sweden, Gibraltar Christianity → Catholicism
Izhorians Uralic → Finnic → Ingrian Russia (Ingria) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Kalmyks Mongolic → Central Mongolic → Oirat → Kalmyk Oirat Russia (Kalmykia) Dörbet Kalmyks (including Greater Dörbets, Lesser Dörbets, Buzava), Torgut Kalmyks, Khoshut Kalmyks, Baatud Kalmyks, Khoid Kalmyks, Buddhism → Tibetan Buddhism
Karachays Turkic → Kipchak → Karachay Russia (Karachay-Cherkessia) Islam → Sunni Islam
Karatas Northeast Caucasian → Avar–Andic → Karata Russia (Dagestan) Islam → Sunni Islam
Karelians Uralic → Finnic → Karelian, Ludic, Livvi-Karelian Karelia (Finland, Russia) Tver Karelians, Olonets Karelians Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Kashubians Indo-European → Slavic → Kashubian
Historically Indo-European → Slavic → Slovincian 		Poland (Kashubia) Krubans, Slovincians, and Gochans, along with the Kashubian diaspora
Kazakhs Turkic → Kipchak → Kazakh
Francosign → RSLic → Russian Sign → Kazakh Sign 		Kazakhstan Uly juz, Orta juz, Kishi juz, along with significant populations in Russia Islam → Sunni Islam
Komi Uralic → Permic → Komi[note 1] Russia (Komi Republic, Perm Krai, Murmansk Oblast, Nenets Autonomous Okrug) Komi-Zyrians, Komi-Permyaks, Komi-Yazva, Izhma Komi Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Kumyks Turkic → Kipchak → Kumyk Russia (Kumykia) Islam → Sunni Islam
Kvens Uralic → Finnic → Finnish → Kven Norway (Northern Norway) Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism → Laestadianism
Ladins Indo-European → Romance → Ladin Italy (Ladinia) Christianity → Catholicism
Laks Northeast Caucasian → Lak Russia (Lakia) Islam → Sunni Islam
Latvians Indo-European → Baltic → Latvian, Latgalian
Francosign → Russian Sign → Latvian Sign 		Latvia, Russia (Zelenogradsky District, Arch-Latvian Selsoviet, Nizhnyaya Bulanka), Lithuania (Klaipėda County), and neighboring regions Latgalians, Kursenieki, Selonians Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Lezgins Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Lezgian Lezgistan (Russia) Islam → Sunni Islam
Liechtensteiners Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German
DGSic? → Swiss-German Sign 		Liechtenstein Christianity → Catholicism
Lipka Tatars Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian, Polish
Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian 		Belarus, Poland, Lithuania Islam → Sunnism
Lithuanians Indo-European → Baltic → Lithuanian,[note 1][8] Lithuanian Sign Lithuania, Poland (Podlaskie), Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast), and neighboring regions Samogitians, Aukštaitians, Lietuvninkai, along with significant populations in Poland and the United Kingdom Christianity → Catholicism
Livonians Uralic → Finnic → Livonian Latvia, Estonia Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Lorrains Indo-European → Romance → Lorrain[note 2] France (Lorraine) Christianity → Catholicism
Luxembourgers Indo-European → Germanic → Moselle Franconian → Luxembourgish Luxembourg, Belgium (Arelerland), and neighboring regions Christianity → Catholicism
Macedonians Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Macedonian Sign 		North Macedonia and neighboring regions Torbeši, Mijaks, along with significant populations in Germany, Italy, Switzerland and Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, Serbia, Sweden, Croatia, Austria, France, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Romania, Montenegro, Poland, the United Kingdom Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Mainiots Indo-European → Romance → Mayennais[note 2] France (Maine) Christianity → Catholicism
Maltese Afroasiatic → Arabic → Maltese Malta Gozitans, with significant populations in Greece (including Corfu) Christianity → Catholicism
Manx Indo-European → Celtic → Manx,[note 9] Indo-European → Germanic → English → Manx English Crown Dependencies (Isle of Man) Christianity → Protestantism
Maris Uralic → Mari[note 1] Russia (Mari El, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Perm Krai) Meadow Mari, Hill Mari, Northwestern Mari, Eastern Mari, Mountain Mari Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Mari Native Religion
Mennonites Indo-European → Slavic → Russian
Indo-European → Germanic → German, Dutch, English
Indo-European → Romance → Spanish 		Europe Russian Mennonites, Old Order Mennonites, Old Colony Mennonites, Amish Mennonites (including Beachy Amish (including Old Beachy Amish), Kauffman Amish Mennonites, Egli Amish, Stuckey Amish) Christianity → Anabaptism → Mennonitism
Mokshas Uralic → Mordvinic → Moksha Russia (Mordovia, Tambov Oblast, Penza Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Bashkortostan, Tatarstan) Christianity → Russian Orthodox, Protestantism → Lutheranism
Mokshas native religion
Moldovans Indo-European → Romance → Romanian
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Moldova Sign 		Moldova Significant populations in Romania, Ukraine, Russia Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Romanian Orthodoxy
Montenegrins Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Montenegrin
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign 		Montenegro and neighboring regions Montenegrin tribes, with significant populations in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, Germany, Luxembourg Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Moravians Indo-European → Slavic → Czech → Moravian Czech Republic (Moravia) Moravian Vlachs, Moravian Slovaks Christianity → Catholicism
Muslimani Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian[note 1][note 10] Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, North Macedonia, and neighboring regions Islam
Nenets Uralic → Samoyedic → Nenets[note 1] Russia (Nenets Autonomous Okrug) Forest Nenets, Tundra Nenets Shamanism, Animism
Nogais Turkic → Kipchak → Nogai Russia (North Caucasus) Ak Nogai, Karagash Islam → Sunni Islam
Normans Indo-European → Romance → Norman[note 2] France (Normandy) Christianity → Catholicism
Norwegians Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian
Indo-European → Germanic → Dano-Norwegian → Urban East Norwegian, Bokmål, Riksmål
Francosign → DTSic → Norwegian Sign 		Norway Kola Norwegians, Svalbarders, along with Significant populations in Finland, the United Kingdom Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Occitans Indo-European → Romance → Occitan,[note 2] Gardiol Occitania (France, Italy, Spain, Monaco)[note 13] Aranese, Auvergnats, Provençaux, Languedociens (including Aveyronnais), Limousins, Gascons (including Landais, Bigordans, Bearnese), Périgourdins, Dauphinois, Camarguais, Nicois, Guardiota, Monégasque Occitans Christianity
Orcadians Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Orcadian
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Scottish English
BANZSL → British Sign
historically Indo-European → Germanic → Norn 		United Kingdom (Orkney) Christianity → Protestantism → Presbyterianism[11]
Ossetians Indo-European → Iranic → Ossetian[note 1] Ossetia (Russia) Iron, Digor Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Podlashuks Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian or Belarusian → Podlachian Poland (Podlachia) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism
Picards Indo-European → Romance → Picard[note 2] France (Picard) Artésiens Christianity → Catholicism
Poitevins Indo-European → Romance → Poitevin-Saintogeais → Poitevin[note 2] France (Poitou) Christianity → Catholicism
Poles Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, Belarusian → Simple speech
Polish Sign 		Poland, Czech Republic (Trans-Olza), Kresy (Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania), and neighboring regions Masovians (including Bambers, Kurpies, Łowiczans, Masurians, Międzyrzec Boyars, Poborzans, Podlachians), Greater Polish (including Kaliszans, Kuyavians (including Kuyavian Borowiaks), and Taśtaks), Lesser Polish (including Cracovians, Lasovians, Lublinians, Sącz Lachs, and Sandomierzans), Kociewians, Łęczycans, Polish Uplanders, Sieradzans, Borderlands Poles (including Bug River Poles), Tuchola Borowians, Kocievians, Dolinians, and Warmians, as well as Significant populations in Germany, Iceland, Sweden, France, the Czech Republic, the United Kingdom, Belarus, Russia, Lithuania, Ukraine, Ireland, and Norway Christianity → Catholicism
Poleshuks Indo-European → Slavic → Belarusian or Ukrainian → West Polesian Polesia (Belarus, Poland, Russia, Ukraine) Christianity
Pomaks Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian Bulgaria, Turkey (East Thrace), Greece (Western Thrace) Islam
Portuguese Indo-European → Romance → Portuguese, Barranquenho Portugal Alentejans, Algarveans, Azoreans, Barranquenhos,[12] Beiroes, Madeirans, Mindericos, Minhotos, Olivenzans, Ribatejanos, Transmontanos Christianity → Catholicism
Qaratays Turkic → Kipchak → Tatar → Qataray Russia (Kamsko-Ustyinsky District) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy
Christianity → Protestantism → Baptism
Reisende Indo-European → Germanic → Norwegian Norway Christianity
Resians Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene → Resian Italy (Resia) Christianity → Catholicism
Roma Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Romani,[note 1] Para-Romani[note 1][note 14]
Indo-European → Romance → Romanian → Boyash 		Europe, Turkey, North Caucasus[note 15] Kalderash, Iberian Cales (including Spanish Cales, Portuguese Cales, Brazilian Cales), Erromintxela, Finnish Kale, Welsh Kale, Vlax Roma, Romanichal (including Scottish Romanichal Travellers), Lowland Scottish Travellers, Burgenland Roma, Sinti (including Manouches), Belaruska Roma, Litovska Roma, Lotfitka Roma, Ruska Roma, Crimean Roma (including Urmacheli, Krimurja, Tayfa), Gurbeti, Xoraxane Roma (including Turkish Roma, Zargari, and Arlije), Romanisal, Bergitka Roma, Polska Roma, Cascarots, Ursari, Romanlar (including Turkish Roma, Sepetçi, Ayjides, Yerli, and Çerge), Wallachian Roma, Servitka Roma, Lovari, Boyash, along with significant populations in Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Montenegro, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Eastern Thrace, Ukraine, the United Kingdom Christianity, Islam
Romands Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provencal, Frainc-Comtou, French → Swiss French
Francosign → Swiss-French Sign 		Switzerland (Romandy) Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Calvinism
Romanians Indo-European → Romance → Romanian
Francosign → Romanian Sign 		Romania, Moldova Northern Dobrujans, Transylvanians, Wallachians (including Oltenians and Muntenians), Moldavians, Bukovinians, along with significant populations in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Ukraine, the United Kingdom Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Romansh Indo-European → Romance → Romansh Switzerland (Grisons) Christianity
Russians Indo-European → Slavic → Russian
Francosign → Russian Sign 		Russia, Ukraine (Sumy Oblast), and neighboring regions Caucasus Russians, Siberians, Cossacks (including Kuban Cossacks and Nekrasov Cossacks), Pomors, Subbotniks, Old Believers (including Kamenschiks, Lipovans, Semeiskie), Karyms, Gurans, Doukhobors, Goryuns, Molokans (including Subbotnik Molokans), Polekhs, Starozhily, along with significant populations in Bulgaria, Belarus, Belgium, Estonia, France, Germany, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Ukraine Christianity → Spiritual Christianity, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy, Old Believerism and Old Ritualism
Christianity and Animism → Eastern Orthodoxy and Animism → Pomor Christianity
Rusyns Indo-European → Slavic → Carpathian Rusyn, Pannonian Rusyn Transcarpathia (Ukraine, Slovakia, Poland),[note 16] Pannonian Plain (Croatia, Serbia), Romania (Bukovina, Maramureș), Lemkovyna (Poland, Slovakia) Pannonian Rusyns, Lemkos, Hutsuls, Boykos, Dolinians, Zamieszańcy, with significant populations in Romania Christianity → Eastern Catholicism
Rutuls Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Rutul Russia (Dagestan) Islam → Sunni Islam
Sámi Uralic → Sámi[note 1]
Historically Uralic → Sámi → Akkala Sámi, Kemi Sámi, Kainuu Sámi 		Sápmi (Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia) Inari Sámi, Kildin Sámi, Lule Sámi, Northern Sámi, Pite Sámi, Skolt Sámi, Southern Sámi, Ter Sámi, Ume Sámi, Akkala Sámi Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Sardinians Indo-European → Romance → Sardinian,[note 1] Sassarese, Gallurese, Castellanese Italy (Sardinia) Logudorese, Campidanese, Sassarese, Gallurese Christianity → Catholicism
Savoyards Indo-European → Romance → Franco-Provençal → Savoyard[note 2] France (Savoy) Christianity → Catholicism
Scots Indo-European → Germanic → Scots, English → Scottish English
Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic[note 9]
BANZSL → British Sign 		United Kingdom (Scotland) Ulster Scots, Highlanders (including Crofters, Caithnesians, and Hebrideans), Lowlanders, Berwickers, along with significant populations in Russia Christianity → Protestantism → Calvinism
Scottish Highland Travellers Indo-European → Celtic → Scottish Gaelic → Beurla Reagaird United Kingdom (Scottish Highlands) Christianity → Catholicism
Serbs Indo-European → Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Serbian Sign 		Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska), Montenegro, Croatia, Kosovo, Romania, Hungary, Albania, Bulgaria, Slovenia, North Macedonia Kosovo Serbs, Montenegrin Serbs, Croatian Serbs, Bosnian Serbs, Macedonian Serbs, Romanian Serbs, Hungarian Serbs, Albanian Serbs, Bulgarian Serbs, Slovenian Serbs, Vojvodinian Serbs, Triestine Serbs, Serb Muslims, along with significant populations in Greece, Germany, Austria, France, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Russia, and Sweden Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Shetlanders Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Shetlandic
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Scottish English
BANZSL → British Sign
Historically Indo-European → Germanic → Norn 		United Kingdom (Shetland) Christianity → Protestantism → Presbyterianism
Shopi Indo-European → Slavic → Bulgarian Shopluk (Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Silesians Indo-European → Slavic → Silesian
Indo-European → Germanic → Silesian German 		Silesia (Poland, Germany, Czech Republic) Cieszyn Vlachs, Moravian Silesians Christianity → Catholicism, Protestantism → Lutheranism
Slovaks Indo-European → Slavic → Slovak
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Slovak Sign 		Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Austria, and surrounding regions Significant populations in Czech Republic, Bulgaria, Hungary, Austria, Serbia, Croatia Christianity → Catholicism
Slovenes Indo-European → Slavic → Slovene
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign → Slovenian Sign 		Slovenia, Austria (Carinthia), Hungary, Italy (Friuli-Venezia Giulia), Croatia (Istria, Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Zagreb), and surrounding regions Hungarian Slovenes (including Rába Slovenes), Carinthian Slovenes, Prekmurje Slovenes, Italian Slovenes, Croatian Slovenes along with significant populations in the Croatia, and Italy Christianity → Catholicism
Sorbs Indo-European → Slavic → Sorbian[note 1] Lusatia (Germany, Poland) Upper Sorbs, Lower Sorbs Christianity → Catholicism
Spaniards Indo-European → Romance → Spanish, Extremaduran, Asturleonese,[note 1] Barranquenho, Quinqui jargon
Spanish Sign
Historically Indo-European → Romance → Andalusi Romance, Old Riojan, Navarrese Romance 		Spain, Portugal (Barrancos) Andalusians, Barranquenhos,[12] Castilians, Leonese, Cantabrians, Extremadurans, Mercheros, Olivenzans Christianity → Catholicism
Swabians Indo-European → Germanic → Alemannic German → Swabian German Germany (Swabia) Christianity → Catholicism
Swedes Indo-European → Germanic → Swedish, Dalecarlian, Gutnish, Norrlandic, Jamtska, East Danish → Scanian
SSLic → Swedish Sign 		Sweden, Estonia (Aiboland), Ukraine (Gammalsvenskby) Scanians, Jamtish, Gutnish, Dalecarlians, Estonian Swedes along with significant populations in the United Kingdom, Ukraine Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Timok Vlachs Indo-European → Romance → Romanian
Slavic → Shtokavian → Serbian 		Serbia (Timok Valley, Belgrade) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Torangeux Indo-European → Romance → Tourangeau[note 2] France (Touraine) Christianity → Catholicism
Torbeši Indo-European → Slavic → Macedonian North Macedonia Islam → Sunni Islam
Tornedalians Uralic → Finnic → Finnish → Meänkieli Sweden Torne Valley Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Turks Turkic → Oghuz → Turkish, Rumelian Turkish
Indo-European → Indo-Aryan → Balkan Romani → Rumelian Romani
Turkish Sign 		North Caucasus, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe Rumelian Turks (including Gajals, Kosovoan Turks, Dodecanese Turks, Western Thracian Turks, Bulgarian Turks (including in Turkey), Dobrujan Turks, Macedonian Turks, Bosnian Turks, Croatia, Serbian Turks, Montenegrin Turks), Yörüks, Amuca, Turkish Roma, along with significant populations in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Sweden Islam → Sunni Islam, Alevism
Tutejszy Indo-European → Slavic → Polish, East Slavic,[note 1]
Indo-European → Baltic → Eastern Baltic[note 1] 		Poland, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia Christianity → Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy
Udis Northeast Caucasian → Lezgic → Udi Russia, Ukraine Christianity → Oriental Orthodoxy
Udmurts Uralic → Permic → Udmurt Russia (Udmurtia) Besermyan Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy
Ukrainians Indo-European → Slavic → Ukrainian, Surzhyk, Russian
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Ukrainian Sign 		Ukraine, Transcarpathia (Slovakia, Poland), Belarus (Beresteishchyna), Russia (Sloboda Ukraine, Pink Ukraine, Yellow Ukraine) Cossacks, Litvins, Pinchuks, Afro-Ukrainians, Podolyans, along with significant populations in France, Portugal, Kazakhstan, Germany, Italy, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Russia (including Kuban), Belarus, Slovakia, Moldova, Estonia, Finland, Italy, Serbia, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and Romania Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism → Ukrainian Greek Catholicism
Ulster Protestants Indo-European → Germanic → Scots → Ulster Scots
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Ulster English
BANZSL → British Sign 		Ulster (United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland) Christianity → Protestantism
Valencians Indo-European → Romance → Catalan → Valencian
LSCic → Valencian Sign 		Spain (Valencian Community, Carche) Christianity → Catholicism[13]
Vaqueiros de alzada Indo-European → Romance → Asturleonese Spain (Asturias, Province of Leon) Christianity and traditional folk religion → Folk Catholicism → Vaqueiro religion
Vepsians Uralic → Finnic → Veps Russia (Former Veps National Volost, Vytegorsky, Babayevsky, Podporozhsky, Lodeynopolsky, Tikhvinsky, and Boksitogorsky districts) Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy → Russian Orthodoxy
Vilamovians Indo-European → Germanic → Wymysorys[note 17] Poland (Wilamowice) Christianity → Catholicism
Volga Tatars Turkic → Kipchak → Central Tatar, Mishar Tatar[note 18] Russia (Volga Federal District), Finland Astrakhan Tatars, Mishar Tatars (including Finnish Tatars), Kasimov Tatars, Kazan Tatars, Kryashens, Nagaybaks, Nukrat Tatars, Perm Tatars, Teptyars Islam → Sunni Islam
Votians Uralic → Finnic → Votic Russia (Ingria), Estonia (Ida-Viru), Latvia (Bauska) Kreevins, Poluverniki, Kukkuzi Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Christianity → Protestantism → Lutheranism
Walloons Indo-European → Romance → Walloon, Picard,[note 2] French → Belgian French
Francosign → Belgian Sign → French Belgian Sign 		Belgium (Wallonia, adjacent regions of Flanders), France (Nord-Pas-de-Calais, Ardennes), Netherlands (Dutch Limburg), Germany, Luxembourg Significant populations in the Netherlands Christianity → Catholicism
Welsh Indo-European → Celtic → Welsh[note 9]
Indo-European → Germanic → English → Welsh English
BANZSL → British Sign 		United Kingdom (Wales) Christianity → Protestantism
Woonwagenbewonder Indo-European → Germanic → Dutch → Bargoens Netherlands Christianity
Yenish Indo-European → Germanic → Yenish[note 2] Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, and France Christianity, Judaism
Yugoslavs Indo-European → Slavic → Serbo-Croatian,[note 1][note 10] Macedonian, Slovene
Francosign → Austro-Hungarian Sign → Yugoslav Sign[note 1] 		Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, North Macedonia, Croatia Significant populations in Serbia Christianity → Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism
Islam → Sunni Islam

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Language family; with some exceptions, all speakers of the various languages within this family are typically seen as one singular ethnicity.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Due to France's long history of promoting the French language at the expense of others, the vast majority only speak French.
  3. ^ Non-contiguous homeland. Throughout most of its history (if not its entire history), this ethnic group has lived in separate, isolated communities scattered throughout the countries/subdivisions listed.
  4. ^ Eonavian is variously classified as a dialect group of Galician, a transitional variety between Galician and Asturian, and as a separate linguistic group.
  5. ^ Due to the widespread presence of both Spanish and French, the majority of Basques only have a passive knowledge of their language.
  6. ^ Unlike the rest of the Soviet republics, who were able to maintain their native language despite the de facto Russification during the Soviet era, the Russian language has largely replaced Belarusian in everyday use.
  7. ^ Due to a lack of mutual intelligibility with other Breton varieties, the Gwenedeg varieties are considered to be a distinct language from other Breton varieties within a Bretonic language family by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology within their Glottolog database.
  8. ^ Following the Caucasian War, the majority of Circassians and Abkhazians were deported to Turkey.
  9. ^ a b c d Due to a long history of English dominance within Great Britain, the Celtic languages within the islands have seen steady decline in use, with some of them eventually going extinct. Although all of them have since seen major language revival movements, English continues to be main language for the majority of this group.
  10. ^ a b c Shtokavian, Chakavian, Kajkavian, TorlakianBurgenland Croatian, and Slavomolisano are often considered separate languages depending on classification, but Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian, and Montenegrin are typically considered Shtokavian varieties rather than distinct languages due to high degrees of mutual intelligibility.
  11. ^ a b c d Largest practiced religion; the majority/plurality of this group are actually non-religious.
  12. ^ a b The Flemings and Dutch, particularly Southern Dutch, have many cultural and linguistic characteristics in common, but due to a combination of religious differences and popular stereotypes within the Netherlands and Flanders based on the cultural extremes of the Northern and Southern Dutch regions, most Flemings will not consider themselves ethnically Dutch and vice versa.
  13. ^ Occitania, as defined by the modern Occitan linguistic territory, covers most of the current Southern France, the Alpine valleys of the Western Piedmont, in Italy, Val d'Aran in Spain and Monaco[9][10] an area of approximately 190,000 km2.
  14. ^ Though many Para-Romani languages are not genetically related to each other beyond having a Romani substrate, they are all known to be ethnolects developed by the Romani diaspora.
  15. ^ This ethnic group is largely a nomadic or semi-nomadic one and do not have a particular area to claim as a primary homeland; these countries are listed here due to having a significant population.
  16. ^ The Rusyn identity is mostly limited to those residing outside of Carpathian Ruthenia. Within Carpathian Ruthenia itself (especially in the Ukrainian region), the majority of its residents identify themselves as being Ukrainian.
  17. ^ Due to policies of Polonization implemented after World War II, the majority of Vilamovians can only speak Polish.
  18. ^ While they are commonly subsumed into one Volga Tatar language, the central dialects belong to Kipchak-Bulgar while the Mishar dialects may belong to Kipchak-Cuman.

References

  1. ^ Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1.
  2. ^ Goran Burenhult, Traditional Peoples Today: Continuity and Change in the Modern World Illustrated History of Humankind, vol. 5 (1994).
  3. ^ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples – An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 30. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  4. ^ "The Botlikhs". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Institute of the Estonian Language. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  5. ^ Williams, Victoria R. (2020). Indigenous Peoples – An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival. Vol. 4. ABC-CLIO. p. 351. ISBN 9781440861178. Archived from the original on 18 May 2022. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  6. ^ "Government Publishes Bill to recognise British Sign Language as a language of Gibraltar – 274/2022". Government of Gibraltar. 19 April 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  7. ^ Anita Sujoldžić, "Molise Croatian Idiom" Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine, Coll. Antropol. 28 Suppl. 1 (2004) 263–274

    Along with the institutional support provided by the Italian government and Croatian institutions based on bilateral agreements between the two states, the Slavic communities also received a new label for their language and a new ethnic identity – Croatian, and there have been increasing tendencies to standardize the spoken idiom on the basis of Standard Croatian. It should be stressed, however, that although they regarded their different language as a source of prestige and self-appreciation, these communities have always considered themselves to be Italians who in addition have Slavic origins and at best accept to be called Italo-Slavic, while the term "Molise Croatian" emerged recently as a general term in scientific and popular literature to describe the Croatian-speaking population living in the Molise.
  8. ^ Subačius, Giedrius (2005). The Lithuanian language: traditions and trends (PDF). The Lithuanian Institute, Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Lithuania. p. 7. ISBN 9955-548-09-6. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  9. ^ There is also a variant of Occitan Monegasque aboriginal (district of the Port à la Condamine and Saint Roman) -called patois- which is called Moneguier. (René ANFOSSO, speaker of Moneguier p. 51 in REVEST Laurenç Nissa e Occitània per Garibaldi. Garibaldian anthology of Oc, publisher Serre, Nice, 212 p.).
  10. ^ "15% of the population of Monaco speaks Niçard variety of Provençal, which strongly French influences from the Monegasque territory. In fact, people speaking Niçard are mainly people over 50, but Provencal increases its status as a literary language (translated from: "A further 15% of the population of Monaco speaks the Niçard variety of Provençal, which greatly influences the French of the Monegasque region. In fact, the Niçard speaking community is comprisedof over 50 years of age, Provençal is increasingly gaining status as a literary language}} "Monaco: "Language Situation", in Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics (Second Edition)}}, 2006, p. 230 [1] Archived 2012-05-12 at the Wayback Machine.
  11. ^ Jennifer S. H. Brown (1996). "Company Men with a Difference". Strangers in Blood: Fur Trade Company Families in Indian Country. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0806128139. It is clear, however, that while the Lowland Scots were not viewed as particularly distinct from the English ethnically or socially, the Orkneymen acquired considerable visibility as a separate group
  12. ^ a b Clements, Joseph; Amaral, Patrícia; Garrett, Jordan (2021). "Social identity and the formation and development of Barranquenho". In Sippola, Eeva; Matras, Yaron; Mazzoli, Maria (eds.). New Perspectives on Mixed Languages: From Core to Fringe. Language Contact and Bilingualism. Vol. 18. Boston/Berlin: De Gruyter. p. 249. doi:10.1515/9781501511257-008. ISBN 9781501517266. S2CID 236374063.
  13. ^ Nafría, Ismael (2 April 2015). "Interactivo: Creencias y prácticas religiosas en España". La Vanguardia. Archived from the original on 4 April 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2023.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.