List of investigational panic disorder drugs
This is a list of investigational panic disorder drugs, or drugs that are currently under development for clinical use for the treatment of panic disorder (PD) but are not yet approved.
Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses. The format of list items is "Name (Synonyms) – Mechanism of Action [Reference]".
This list was last comprehensively updated in September 2025. It is likely to become outdated with time.
Under development
Phase 2
- Darigabat (CVL-865; PF-06372865; PF-6372865) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator [1]
- HB-1 (HB-01) – undefined mechanism of action [2]
Phase unknown
- Oxybutynin controlled release – muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist [3]
- Venlafaxine controlled release – serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) [4]
Not under development
No development reported
- ADX-71149 (JNJ-1813; JNJ-40411813; JNJ-mGluR2-PAM) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 receptor positive allosteric modulator [5]
- Tebideutorexant (JNJ-61393215; JNJ-3215) – orexin OX1 receptor antagonist [6]
Discontinued
- Alprazolam inhalation (AZ-002; FNP-002; Staccato® alprazolam; STAP-001; UCB-7538) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine [7]
- Alprazolam intranasal (Panistat) – GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulator and benzodiazepine [8]
- BTG-1640 (ABIO-08/01; ABIO-0801) – undefined mechanism of action [9]
- Eglumetad (Eglumegad; LY-354740) – metabotropic glutamate mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor agonist [10]
- JNJ-19567470 (CRA-5626; R-317573) – corticotropin releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF1R) antagonist [11]
- Nefazodone (BMY-13754; Dutonin; MJ-13754; MS-13754; Nefadar; Serzone) – serotonin 5-HT1A receptor ligand, serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, α1- and α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist, weak serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), and other actions [12]
- Xenon (NBTX-001) – ionotropic glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist [13]
Clinically used drugs
Approved drugs
- Escitalopram (Cipralex; Entact; Lexapro; LU-26054; MLD-55; (S)-citalopram; Seroplex; Sipralex; Sipralexa) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) [14]
- Fluoxetine (LY-110140; Prozac; Reneuron; Sarafem) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) [15]
- Fluoxetine (Fluoxetine Tablets) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) [16]
- Paroxetine (Aropax; BRL-29060; Deroxat; Divarius; FG-7051; Frosinor; Motivan; NNC-207051; Paxil; Seroxat; SI-211103; Tagonis) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) [17]
- Paroxetine (Dropax; Dropaxin; Serestill) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) [18]
- Sertraline (Aremis; Besitran; CP-51974; Gladem; Lustral; Serad; Serlain; Tatig; Zoloft) – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) [19]
- Venlafaxine (Dobupal; Efexor XR; Effexor; Effexor XR; Elafax; WY-45030; WY-45651; WY-45655) – serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) [20]
Off-label drugs
- Anticonvulsants (e.g., valproic acid)[1]
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine)[1]
- Azapirones (serotonin 5-HT1A receptor agonists) (e.g., buspirone)[1][2][3]
- Benzodiazepines (GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators) (e.g., alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, clonazepam, diazepam, lorazepam)[1][2][4]
- Beta blockers (e.g., propranolol)[1][2]
- Gabapentinoids (α2δ subunit-containing voltage-gated calcium channel ligands) (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin)[1]
- Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) (e.g., isocarboxazid, moclobemide, phenelzine, tranylcypromine)[1][2]
- NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., ketamine, esketamine)[1]
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (e.g., citalopram, fluvoxamine)[1][2]
- Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) (e.g., desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, milnacipran)[1][2]
- Serotonin modulators and stimulators (SMSs) (e.g., vilazodone, vortioxetine)[1]
- Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine)[1][2]
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs) (e.g., mirtazapine)[1][2]
- Others (e.g., hydroxyzine)[1]
See also
- List of investigational drugs
- List of investigational generalized anxiety disorder drugs
- List of investigational social anxiety disorder drugs
- List of investigational post-traumatic stress disorder drugs
- List of investigational anxiety disorder drugs
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ziffra M (May 2021). "Panic disorder: A review of treatment options" (PDF). Ann Clin Psychiatry. 33 (2): 124–133. doi:10.12788/acp.0014. PMID 33529291. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chawla N, Anothaisintawee T, Charoenrungrueangchai K, Thaipisuttikul P, McKay GJ, Attia J, Thakkinstian A (January 2022). "Drug treatment for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials". BMJ. 376 e066084. doi:10.1136/bmj-2021-066084. PMC 8767458. PMID 35045991.
- ^ Imai H, Tajika A, Chen P, Pompoli A, Guaiana G, Castellazzi M, Bighelli I, Girlanda F, Barbui C, Koesters M, Cipriani A, Furukawa TA (September 2014). "Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 (9) CD010828. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010828.pub2. PMC 10590499. PMID 25268297.
- ^ Breilmann J, Girlanda F, Guaiana G, Barbui C, Cipriani A, Castellazzi M, Bighelli I, Davies SJ, Furukawa TA, Koesters M (March 2019). "Benzodiazepines versus placebo for panic disorder in adults". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 3 (3) CD010677. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010677.pub2. PMC 6438660. PMID 30921478.