Results breakdown of the 1986 Spanish general election (Congress)

Spain Main: 1986 Spanish general election
22 June 1986
Party
Votes
%
Seats
PSOE
8,901,718
44.1%
184
AP–PDP–PL
5,247,677
26.0%
105
CDS
1,861,912
9.2%
19
PRD–CiU–CG
1,288,768
6.4%
19
IU
935,504
4.6%
7
EAJ/PNV
309,610
1.5%
6
HB
231,722
1.1%
5
EE
107,053
0.5%
2
PAR
73,004
0.4%
1
Others
1,245,951
6.2%
2
Total
20,202,919
100.0%
350

This is the results breakdown of the election to the Congress of Deputies held in Spain on 22 June 1986. The following tables show detailed results in each of the country's 17 autonomous communities and in the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla, as well as a summary of constituency and regional results.[a][1]

Electoral system

The Congress of Deputies was entitled to a minimum of 300 and a maximum of 400 seats, with the electoral law setting its size at 350. 348 members were elected in 50 multi-member constituencies—corresponding to the provinces of Spain, with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations—using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional voting system, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes (which included blank ballots) being applied in each constituency. The two remaining seats were allocated to Ceuta and Melilla as single-member districts and elected using plurality voting.[2][3] The use of the electoral method resulted in a higher effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies.[4]

As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency was entitled the following seats:[5]

Seats Constituencies
33 Barcelona, Madrid(+1)
16 Valencia(+1)
12 Seville
10 Alicante(+1), Biscay
9 Asturias(–1), Cádiz(+1), La Coruña, Málaga(+1)
8 Murcia, Pontevedra, Zaragoza
7 Córdoba, Granada, Guipúzcoa, Las Palmas(+1)
6 Badajoz(–1), Balearics, Jaén(–1), Santa Cruz de Tenerife(–1)
5 Almería, Cáceres, Cantabria, Castellón, Ciudad Real, Gerona, Huelva, León(–1), Lugo, Navarre, Orense, Tarragona, Toledo, Valladolid
4 Álava, Albacete, Burgos, La Rioja, Lérida, Salamanca, Zamora
3 Ávila, Cuenca(–1), Guadalajara, Huesca, Palencia, Segovia, Soria, Teruel

The law did not provide for by-elections to fill vacated seats; instead, any vacancies that occurred after the proclamation of candidates and into the legislative term were to be covered by the successive candidates in the list and, when required, by the designated substitutes.[6]

Voting for the Congress was on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights, provided that they were not sentenced—by a final court ruling—to deprivation of the right to vote, nor being legally incapacitated.[7][8]

The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, alliances and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form an alliance ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant electoral commission within ten days of the election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates.[9]

Nationwide

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 8,901,718 44.06 −4.05 184 −18
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 5,247,677 25.97 −0.39 105 −2
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 1,861,912 9.22 +6.35 19 +17
Reformists (PRD–CiU–CG) 1,288,768 6.38 +2.71 19 +7
Convergence and Union (CiU) 1,014,258 5.02 +1.35 18 +6
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 194,538 0.96 New 0 ±0
Galician Coalition (CG) 79,972 0.40 New 1 +1
United Left (IU)2 935,504 4.63 +0.46 7 +3
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 309,610 1.53 −0.35 6 −2
Popular Unity (HB) 231,722 1.15 +0.15 5 +3
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 229,695 1.14 New 0 ±0
Basque Country Left (EE) 107,053 0.53 +0.05 2 +1
Andalusian Party (PA) 94,008 0.47 +0.07 0 ±0
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 84,628 0.42 −0.24 0 −1
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 77,914 0.39 −0.10 0 ±0
Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR) 73,004 0.36 New 1 +1
Canarian Independent Groups (AIC) 65,664 0.33 New 1 +1
Valencian Union (UV) 64,403 0.32 New 1 +1
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 57,107 0.28 +0.06 0 ±0
Galician Socialist Party–Galician Left (PSG–EG)3 45,574 0.23 +0.12 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 43,449 0.22 +0.21 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 42,451 0.21 +0.10 0 ±0
Valencian People's Union (UPV) 40,264 0.20 +0.11 0 ±0
Canarian Assembly–Canarian Nationalist Left (AC–INC) 36,892 0.18 +0.09 0 ±0
The Greens (LV) 31,909 0.16 New 0 ±0
Green Alternative List (LAV) 29,567 0.15 New 0 ±0
Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) 28,318 0.14 New 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)4 27,473 0.14 +0.03 0 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 27,049 0.13 −0.05 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 21,853 0.11 New 0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU) 16,091 0.08 −0.04 0 ±0
Socialist Party of the Andalusian People (PSPA) 14,999 0.07 New 0 ±0
Socialist Party of Majorca–Nationalist Left (PSM–EN) 7,539 0.04 ±0.00 0 ±0
National Unity Coalition (CUN) 5,209 0.03 New 0 ±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE) 5,126 0.03 New 0 ±0
Social Democratic Party of Catalonia (PSDC) 4,885 0.02 New 0 ±0
Group of Independent Electors (ADEI) 3,857 0.02 New 0 ±0
Leonese Convergence (CL) 2,520 0.01 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 2,449 0.01 −0.01 0 ±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV–URV) 2,116 0.01 −0.02 0 ±0
Communist Workers' League (LOC) 1,952 0.01 −0.02 0 ±0
Moderate Party–Centrists of Navarre (PMCN) 1,932 0.01 New 0 ±0
Natural Culture (CN) 1,886 0.01 New 0 ±0
Murcian Regionalist Party (PRM) 1,401 0.01 New 0 ±0
Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 1,169 0.01 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 1,047 0.01 New 0 ±0
Candidacy for Autonomy (CA) 758 0.00 New 0 ±0
Proverist Party (PPr) 756 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Electoral Group–Independent Group of Ceuta (AE–AIC) 601 0.00 New 0 ±0
Christian Spanish Party (PAEC) 254 0.00 New 0 ±0
Communist Movement of the Basque Country (EMK) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LKI) 0 0.00 −0.01 0 ±0
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) n/a n/a −6.77 0 −11
Blank ballots 121,186 0.60 +0.13
Total 20,202,919 350 ±0
Valid votes 20,202,919 98.43 +0.38
Invalid votes 321,939 1.57 −0.38
Votes cast / turnout 20,524,858 70.49 −9.48
Abstentions 8,592,755 29.51 +9.48
Registered voters 29,117,613
Sources[10][11][12]
Footnotes:

Summary

Constituencies

Summary of constituency results in the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election
Constituency PSOE CP CDS REF IU PNV HB EE PAR AIC UV
% S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S
Álava 33.1 2 15.8 1 8.8 − 0.9 − 19.1 1 12.0 − 8.1 −
Albacete 51.1 3 31.9 1 8.7 − 1.0 − 4.6 −
Alicante 49.3 6 29.5 3 9.6 1 1.8 − 4.9 − 0.3 −
Almería 53.1 4 25.9 1 9.0 − 2.6 − 5.2 −
Asturias 46.0 5 27.2 2 13.2 1 0.8 − 9.2 1
Ávila 24.6 1 29.5 1 41.3 1 0.5 − 2.0 −
Badajoz 57.3 4 26.1 2 8.5 − 0.6 − 5.1 −
Balearics 40.3 3 34.3 3 11.3 − 7.1 − 2.3 −
Barcelona 43.2 16 10.7 4 4.4 1 29.9 11 4.2 1
Biscay 26.6 3 10.7 1 5.0 − 1.6 − 29.3 3 15.9 2 8.4 1
Burgos 37.2 2 39.5 2 14.2 − 2.2 − 2.7 −
Cáceres 53.8 3 27.7 2 7.3 − 1.6 − 2.0 −
Cádiz 60.7 7 19.8 2 5.5 − 0.7 − 5.8 −
Cantabria 44.3 3 34.1 2 13.0 − 1.3 − 3.1 −
Castellón 46.2 3 33.4 2 9.0 − 2.5 − 2.4 − 0.5 −
Ceuta 45.2 1 36.3 − 8.0 − 2.1 − 1.5 −
Ciudad Real 51.6 3 32.0 2 9.4 − 0.8 − 3.6 −
Córdoba 53.5 4 21.7 2 6.5 − 1.0 − 12.2 1
Cuenca 45.3 2 39.0 1 8.7 − 1.5 − 2.5 −
Gerona 31.4 2 9.9 − 2.6 − 45.9 3 2.5 −
Granada 53.0 5 26.3 2 6.8 − 0.8 − 7.0 −
Guadalajara 38.1 1 41.9 2 10.9 − 1.1 − 4.7 −
Guipúzcoa 23.1 2 8.1 − 3.6 − 0.8 − 28.7 2 23.0 2 10.7 1
Huelva 62.2 4 21.4 1 5.7 − 0.8 − 5.3 −
Huesca 44.5 2 25.1 1 12.8 − 1.6 − 3.3 − 9.8 −
Jaén 55.1 4 26.9 2 5.3 − 0.7 − 9.2 −
La Coruña 39.2 4 36.1 4 10.1 1 3.6 − 1.3 −
La Rioja 43.9 2 39.2 2 10.1 − 1.9 − 2.0 −
Las Palmas 32.6 3 28.1 2 21.1 2 2.2 − 5.6 − 2.0 −
León 45.2 3 34.2 2 12.4 − 1.2 − 2.6 −
Lérida 30.5 1 16.1 1 3.2 − 40.7 2 2.5 −
Lugo 29.6 2 46.8 3 6.5 − 10.6 − 0.7 −
Madrid 40.8 15 32.0 11 13.9 5 1.4 − 6.0 2
Málaga 57.4 6 21.9 2 6.0 − 0.9 − 9.0 1
Melilla 35.7 − 45.9 1 11.2 − 2.4 − 2.8 −
Murcia 48.8 5 34.3 3 8.3 − 1.3 − 4.5 −
Navarre 35.5 2 29.6 2 9.6 − 2.0 − 1.6 − 1.8 − 13.9 1 2.8 −
Orense 33.8 2 38.5 2 5.5 − 13.8 1 1.0 −
Palencia 40.2 2 39.7 1 12.4 − 1.5 − 2.9 −
Pontevedra 35.2 3 39.9 4 8.9 1 4.3 − 1.2 −
Salamanca 38.7 2 35.8 1 18.3 1 1.2 − 1.9 −
Santa Cruz de Tenerife 39.8 3 18.0 1 12.3 1 0.6 − 2.9 − 18.4 1
Segovia 32.4 1 36.4 1 23.5 1 1.2 − 2.5 −
Seville 59.2 8 21.2 3 3.6 − 0.6 − 8.3 1
Soria 35.8 1 42.1 2 14.1 − 2.2 − 2.6 −
Tarragona 37.9 2 15.7 1 4.1 − 31.8 2 3.9 −
Teruel 41.1 2 32.8 1 10.6 − 1.1 − 1.6 − 9.6 −
Toledo 46.1 3 35.4 2 10.8 − 0.7 − 4.7 −
Valencia 46.8 9 27.5 5 8.3 1 0.8 − 5.1 − 5.1 1
Valladolid 41.7 2 31.9 2 17.0 1 1.2 − 3.0 −
Zamora 37.5 2 40.9 2 15.1 − 1.1 − 1.9 −
Zaragoza 43.6 4 25.2 2 10.9 1 1.0 − 3.8 − 11.6 1
Total 44.1 184 26.0 105 9.2 19 6.4 19 4.6 7 1.5 6 1.1 5 0.5 2 0.4 1 0.3 1 0.3 1

Regions

Summary of regional results in the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election
Region PSOE CP CDS REF IU PNV HB EE PAR AIC UV
% S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S
Andalusia 57.1 42 22.7 15 5.6 − 0.9 − 8.1 3
Aragon 43.4 8 26.1 4 11.2 1 1.1 − 3.4 − 11.0 1
Asturias 46.0 5 27.2 2 13.2 1 0.8 − 9.2 1
Balearics 40.3 3 34.3 3 11.3 − 7.1 − 2.3 −
Basque Country 26.3 7 10.5 2 5.0 − 1.3 − 27.8 6 17.7 4 9.1 2
Canary Islands 36.1 6 23.3 3 16.9 3 1.5 − 4.3 − 9.8 1
Cantabria 44.3 3 34.1 2 13.0 − 1.3 − 3.1 −
Castile and León 38.8 16 35.8 14 17.5 4 1.3 − 2.5 −
Castilla–La Mancha 47.8 12 34.8 8 9.7 − 0.9 − 4.0 −
Catalonia 41.0 21 11.4 6 4.1 1 32.0 18 3.9 1
Ceuta 45.2 1 36.3 − 8.0 − 2.1 − 1.5 −
Extremadura 55.9 7 26.7 4 8.0 − 1.0 − 3.9 −
Galicia 35.8 11 39.2 13 8.6 2 6.2 1 1.1 −
La Rioja 43.9 2 39.2 2 10.1 − 1.9 − 2.0 −
Madrid 40.8 15 32.0 11 13.9 5 1.4 − 6.0 2
Melilla 35.7 − 45.9 1 11.2 − 2.4 − 2.8 −
Murcia 48.8 5 34.3 3 8.3 − 1.3 − 4.5 −
Navarre 35.5 2 29.6 2 9.6 − 2.0 − 1.6 − 1.8 − 13.9 1 2.8 −
Valencian Community 47.5 18 28.8 10 8.8 2 1.3 − 4.7 − 3.1 1
Total 44.1 184 26.0 105 9.2 19 6.4 19 4.6 7 1.5 6 1.1 5 0.5 2 0.4 1 0.3 1 0.3 1

Autonomous communities

Andalusia

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Andalusia →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 1,923,891 57.07 −3.38 42 −1
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 764,732 22.68 +0.51 15 ±0
United Left (IU)2 273,008 8.10 +1.91 3 +2
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 190,148 5.64 +4.34 0 ±0
Andalusian Party (PA) 94,008 2.79 +0.53 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 37,668 1.12 New 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 29,110 0.86 New 0 ±0
Socialist Party of the Andalusian People (PSPA) 14,999 0.44 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 6,450 0.19 −0.17 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 5,712 0.17 +0.17 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 5,193 0.15 +0.08 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 4,114 0.12 +0.06 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 2,319 0.07 New 0 ±0
Green Alternative List (LAV) 2,224 0.07 New 0 ±0
Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) 1,208 0.04 New 0 ±0
National Unity Coalition (CUN) 814 0.02 New 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 756 0.02 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 14,847 0.44 +0.03
Total 3,371,201 60 +1
Valid votes 3,371,201 98.65 +0.09
Invalid votes 46,066 1.35 −0.09
Votes cast / turnout 3,417,267 70.77 −7.98
Abstentions 1,411,605 29.23 +7.98
Registered voters 4,828,872
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Aragon

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Aragon →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 287,809 43.43 −5.98 8 −1
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 173,261 26.15 −4.62 4 −1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 74,104 11.18 +6.93 1 +1
Regionalist Aragonese Party (PAR) 73,004 11.02 New 1 +1
United Left (IU)2 22,488 3.39 +0.50 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 8,629 1.30 New 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 7,370 1.11 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 2,972 0.45 −0.10 0 ±0
Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) 2,570 0.39 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1,579 0.24 +0.11 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1,335 0.20 +0.20 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 1,088 0.16 +0.04 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 1,016 0.15 New 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 105 0.02 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 5,361 0.81 +0.16
Total 662,691 14 ±0
Valid votes 662,691 97.92 +0.91
Invalid votes 14,063 2.08 −0.91
Votes cast / turnout 676,754 70.59 −11.83
Abstentions 282,020 29.41 +11.83
Registered voters 958,774
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Asturias

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Asturias →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 278,946 45.99 −6.14 5 −1
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 165,071 27.22 −0.72 2 −1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 79,788 13.16 +8.85 1 +1
United Left (IU)2 55,881 9.21 +1.07 1 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 9,607 1.58 New 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 5,105 0.84 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 3,688 0.61 +0.06 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1,821 0.30 +0.19 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1,497 0.25 +0.25 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 889 0.15 New 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 744 0.12 +0.03 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 3,477 0.57 +0.14
Total 606,514 9 −1
Valid votes 606,514 98.23 −0.06
Invalid votes 10,930 1.77 +0.06
Votes cast / turnout 617,444 67.82 −9.78
Abstentions 293,003 32.18 +9.78
Registered voters 910,447
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Balearics

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in the Balearics →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 137,363 40.28 −0.17 3 ±0
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 117,007 34.31 −3.40 3 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 38,510 11.29 +6.04 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 24,379 7.15 New 0 ±0
United Left (IU)2 7,942 2.33 +0.66 0 ±0
Nationalist Left (PSM–EN) 7,539 2.21 −0.21 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 1,713 0.50 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1,105 0.32 +0.17 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1,062 0.31 +0.31 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 800 0.23 +0.10 0 ±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE) 601 0.18 New 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 583 0.17 New 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,452 0.72 +0.12
Total 341,056 6 ±0
Valid votes 341,056 97.82 +2.06
Invalid votes 7,592 2.18 −2.06
Votes cast / turnout 348,648 66.02 −13.72
Abstentions 179,474 33.98 +13.72
Registered voters 528,122
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Basque Country

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in the Basque Country →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 304,675 27.82 −3.91 6 −2
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) 287,918 26.29 −2.87 7 −1
Popular Unity (HB) 193,724 17.69 +2.98 4 +2
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 114,967 10.50 −1.14 2 ±0
Basque Country Left (EE) 99,408 9.08 +1.39 2 +1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 54,724 5.00 +3.17 0 ±0
United Left (IU) 13,690 1.25 New 0 ±0
Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) 10,255 0.94 −0.81 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 4,297 0.39 −0.10 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 2,179 0.20 +0.06 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 1,460 0.13 New 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)2 1,379 0.13 +0.05 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 751 0.07 New 0 ±0
Communist Movement of the Basque Country (EMK) 0 0.00 −0.01 0 ±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LKI) 0 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 0 0.00 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 5,602 0.51 +0.02
Total 1,095,029 21 ±0
Valid votes 1,095,029 98.35 +0.39
Invalid votes 18,407 1.65 −0.39
Votes cast / turnout 1,113,436 67.58 −11.76
Abstentions 534,059 32.42 +11.76
Registered voters 1,647,495
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Canary Islands

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in the Canary Islands →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 241,197 36.06 −0.59 6 −1
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 155,819 23.30 −3.60 3 −1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 113,052 16.90 +11.96 3 +3
Canarian Independent Groups (AIC) 65,664 9.82 New 1 +1
Canarian Assembly–Canarian Nationalist Left (AC–INC) 36,892 5.52 +2.65 0 ±0
United Canarian Left (ICU) 28,820 4.31 New 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 9,848 1.47 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 5,164 0.77 −0.03 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 2,695 0.40 +0.29 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 2,204 0.26 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1,452 0.22 New 0 ±0
The Greens (LV) 1,451 0.22 New 0 ±0
Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) 1,088 0.16 New 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)2 967 0.14 −0.08 0 ±0
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) n/a n/a −16.42 0 −2
Blank ballots 2,548 0.38 −0.11
Total 668,861 13 ±0
Valid votes 668,861 97.98 +0.87
Invalid votes 13,791 2.02 −0.87
Votes cast / turnout 682,652 68.28 −7.72
Abstentions 317,073 31.72 +7.72
Registered voters 999,725
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Cantabria

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Cantabria →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 129,041 44.33 −0.67 3 ±0
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 99,149 34.06 −4.85 2 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 37,710 12.96 +7.90 0 ±0
United Left (IU)2 8,997 3.09 +0.02 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 3,866 1.33 New 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 3,664 1.26 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 1,713 0.59 +0.01 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1,503 0.52 New 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR) 988 0.34 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 948 0.33 +0.19 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 783 0.27 New 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 331 0.11 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,371 0.81 +0.22
Total 291,064 5 ±0
Valid votes 291,064 97.93 +0.90
Invalid votes 6,164 2.07 −0.90
Votes cast / turnout 297,228 73.43 −9.24
Abstentions 107,529 26.57 +9.24
Registered voters 404,757
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Castile and León

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Castile and León →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 572,973 38.79 −3.59 16 −2
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 529,077 35.82 +1.26 14 +1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 257,878 17.46 +11.96 4 +3
United Left (IU)2 36,953 2.50 +0.54 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 19,815 1.34 New 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 16,167 1.09 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 7,706 0.52 +0.05 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 5,072 0.34 +0.14 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 4,356 0.29 +0.29 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 2,893 0.20 +0.09 0 ±0
Leonese Convergence (CL) 2,520 0.17 New 0 ±0
Regionalist Party of the Leonese Country (PREPAL) 2,449 0.17 −0.04 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 1,601 0.11 New 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 1,413 0.10 New 0 ±0
Green Alternative List (LAV) 1,138 0.08 New 0 ±0
Nationalist Party of Castile and León (PANCAL) 1,047 0.07 New 0 ±0
National Unity Coalition (CUN) 378 0.03 New 0 ±0
Christian Spanish Party (PAEC) 254 0.02 New 0 ±0
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) n/a n/a −12.27 0 −3
Blank ballots 13,274 0.90 +0.14
Total 1,476,964 34 −1
Valid votes 1,476,964 98.00 +0.79
Invalid votes 30,147 2.00 −0.79
Votes cast / turnout 1,507,111 72.81 −7.85
Abstentions 562,919 27.19 +7.85
Registered voters 2,070,030
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Castilla–La Mancha

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Castilla–La Mancha →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 457,573 47.79 −1.42 12 −1
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 333,322 34.81 +3.56 8 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 93,102 9.72 +7.69 0 ±0
United Left (IU)2 39,065 4.08 +0.34 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 8,887 0.93 New 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 7,426 0.78 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 4,585 0.48 +0.34 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 2,995 0.31 −0.10 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 2,016 0.21 +0.14 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 1,429 0.15 +0.11 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 1,096 0.11 New 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 85 0.01 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 5,866 0.61 +0.17
Total 957,447 20 −1
Valid votes 957,447 98.56 +0.57
Invalid votes 14,009 1.44 −0.57
Votes cast / turnout 971,456 75.09 −9.02
Abstentions 322,279 24.91 +9.02
Registered voters 1,293,735
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Catalonia

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Catalonia →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC–PSOE) 1,299,733 41.00 −4.83 21 −4
Convergence and Union (CiU) 1,014,258 32.00 +9.52 18 +6
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 361,316 11.40 −3.26 6 −2
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 130,704 4.12 +2.13 1 +1
Union of the Catalan Left (PSUC–ENE)2 123,912 3.91 −1.59 1 ±0
Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) 84,628 2.67 −1.35 0 −1
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 50,689 1.60 +0.23 0 ±0
Green Alternative List (LAV) 22,727 0.72 New 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 18,100 0.57 New 0 ±0
Ecologist Party of Catalonia–VERDE (PEC–VERDE) 11,746 0.37 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 11,519 0.36 −0.22 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 5,465 0.17 +0.10 0 ±0
Social Democratic Party of Catalonia (PSDC) 4,885 0.15 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 3,587 0.11 +0.11 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 3,503 0.11 +0.03 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 3,430 0.11 New 0 ±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE) 2,481 0.08 New 0 ±0
Communist Workers' League (LOC) 1,952 0.06 +0.06 0 ±0
Democratic Spanish Party (PED) 1,169 0.04 New 0 ±0
Proverist Party (PPr) 756 0.02 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 13,180 0.42 +0.02
Total 3,169,740 47 ±0
Valid votes 3,169,740 99.15 +0.49
Invalid votes 27,257 0.85 −0.49
Votes cast / turnout 3,196,997 68.95 −11.88
Abstentions 1,439,762 31.05 +11.88
Registered voters 4,636,759
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Extremadura

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Extremadura →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 336,661 55.88 +0.47 7 −2
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 161,036 26.73 +2.93 4 +1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 48,434 8.04 +6.41 0 ±0
United Left (IU)2 23,523 3.90 +0.71 0 ±0
United Extremadura (EU) 16,091 2.67 −1.68 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 5,759 0.96 New 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 4,291 0.71 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1,651 0.27 +0.19 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 638 0.11 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 572 0.09 +0.08 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR) 381 0.06 New 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 288 0.05 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 3,128 0.52 +0.14
Total 602,453 11 −1
Valid votes 602,453 98.76 +0.61
Invalid votes 7,537 1.24 −0.61
Votes cast / turnout 609,990 73.58 −6.40
Abstentions 219,049 26.42 +6.40
Registered voters 829,039
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Galicia

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Galicia →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 502,405 39.19 +1.59 13 ±0
Socialists' Party of Galicia (PSdG–PSOE) 458,376 35.76 +2.93 11 +2
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 109,849 8.57 +5.98 2 +2
Galician Coalition (CG) 79,972 6.24 New 1 +1
Galician Socialist Party–Galician Left (PSG–EG)2 45,574 3.56 +1.85 0 ±0
Galician Nationalist Bloc (BNG) 27,049 2.11 −0.85 0 ±0
Galicianist and United Left Platform (PG–EU)3 14,614 1.14 −0.41 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 12,072 0.94 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 8,237 0.64 −0.32 0 ±0
Group of Independent Electors (ADEI) 3,857 0.30 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 3,274 0.26 +0.08 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2,299 0.18 +0.11 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)4 2,175 0.17 +0.03 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 1,739 0.14 New 0 ±0
Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) 1,420 0.11 New 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 975 0.08 New 0 ±0
National Unity Coalition (CUN) 937 0.07 New 0 ±0
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) n/a n/a −17.71 0 −5
Blank ballots 7,103 0.55 +0.05
Total 1,281,927 27 ±0
Valid votes 1,281,927 98.63 +0.30
Invalid votes 17,755 1.37 −0.30
Votes cast / turnout 1,299,682 57.89 −5.81
Abstentions 945,332 42.11 +5.81
Registered voters 2,245,014
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

La Rioja

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in La Rioja →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 65,151 43.92 +0.47 2 ±0
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 58,177 39.22 −2.31 2 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 14,953 10.08 +6.38 0 ±0
United Left (IU)2 2,961 2.00 +0.40 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 2,824 1.90 New 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 1,531 1.03 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 524 0.35 +0.06 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 372 0.25 New 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 284 0.19 +0.12 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 190 0.13 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 1,361 0.92 +0.22
Total 148,328 4 ±0
Valid votes 148,328 98.04 +0.52
Invalid votes 2,968 1.96 −0.52
Votes cast / turnout 151,296 74.31 −9.79
Abstentions 52,308 25.69 +9.79
Registered voters 203,604
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Madrid

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Madrid →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 1,054,730 40.81 −11.28 15 −3
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 826,206 31.97 −0.29 11 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 360,246 13.94 +9.84 5 +4
United Left (IU)2 155,932 6.03 +1.05 2 +1
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 63.928 2.47 New 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 36,709 1.42 New 0 ±0
The Greens (LV) 18,559 0.72 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 11,282 0.44 +0.15 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 7,761 0.30 +0.30 0 ±0
Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) 7,261 0.28 New 0 ±0
Green Alternative List (LAV) 3,478 0.13 New 0 ±0
National Unity Coalition (CUN) 3,080 0.12 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 2,737 0.11 −0.03 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 2,191 0.08 +0.03 0 ±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE) 2,044 0.08 New 0 ±0
Natural Culture (CN) 1,886 0.07 New 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 1,422 0.06 New 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 296 0.01 New 0 ±0
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) n/a n/a −3.35 0 −1
Blank ballots 24,814 0.96 +0.53
Total 2,584,562 33 +1
Valid votes 2,584,562 98.29 +0.16
Invalid votes 44,844 1.71 −0.16
Votes cast / turnout 2,629,406 73.90 −12.06
Abstentions 928,522 26.10 +12.06
Registered voters 3,557,928
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Murcia

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Murcia →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 261,922 48.85 −1.91 5 ±0
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 184,109 34.33 −1.25 3 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 44,724 8.34 +6.42 0 ±0
United Left (IU)2 24,222 4.52 +0.76 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 7,067 1.32 New 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 3,005 0.56 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 1,959 0.37 New 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 1,488 0.28 New 0 ±0
Murcian Regionalist Party (PRM) 1,401 0.26 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1,352 0.25 +0.12 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 884 0.16 +0.07 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 881 0.16 New 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 580 0.11 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,624 0.49 +0.14
Total 536,218 8 ±0
Valid votes 536,218 98.51 +0.02
Invalid votes 8,105 1.49 −0.02
Votes cast / turnout 544,323 74.66 −7.83
Abstentions 184,718 25.34 +7.83
Registered voters 729,041
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:
← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Navarre →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 97,010 35.52 −2.12 2 −1
People's Coalition (AP–PL–UPN)1 80,922 29.63 +4.04 2 ±0
Popular Unity (HB) 37,998 13.91 +2.25 1 +1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 26,106 9.56 +5.44 0 ±0
Basque Country Left (EE) 7,645 2.80 −0.02 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 5,481 2.01 New 0 ±0
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 4,935 1.81 −3.68 0 ±0
United Left (IU)2 4,244 1.55 +0.83 0 ±0
Moderate Party–Centrists of Navarre (PMCN) 1,932 0.71 New 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 1,552 0.57 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 1,202 0.44 +0.07 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 618 0.23 +0.14 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 446 0.16 +0.06 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 349 0.13 New 0 ±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LKI) 0 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Communist Movement of the Basque Country (EMK) 0 0.00 ±0.00 0 ±0
Blank ballots 2,712 0.99 +0.36
Total 273,152 5 ±0
Valid votes 273,152 98.02 +0.53
Invalid votes 5,529 1.98 −0.53
Votes cast / turnout 278,681 69.80 −11.53
Abstentions 120,597 30.20 +11.53
Registered voters 399,278
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Valencian Community

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in the Valencian Community →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 993,439 47.49 −5.62 18 −1
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 603,231 28.84 −0.28 10 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 183,734 8.78 +6.32 2 +2
United Left (IU)2 98,352 4.70 +0.05 0 ±0
Valencian Union (UV) 64,403 3.08 New 1 +1
Valencian People's Union (UPV) 40,264 1.92 +1.04 0 ±0
Communists' Unity Board (MUC) 30,087 1.44 New 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 27,354 1.31 New 0 ±0
The Greens (LV) 11,899 0.57 New 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 8,613 0.41 −0.16 0 ±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 5,117 0.24 +0.24 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 4,038 0.19 +0.08 0 ±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)3 3,207 0.15 +0.07 0 ±0
Spanish Vertex Ecological Development Revindication (VERDE) 3,025 0.14 New 0 ±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 2,207 0.11 New 0 ±0
Valencian Nationalist Left (ENV–URV) 2,116 0.10 −0.22 0 ±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 635 0.03 New 0 ±0
Blank ballots 10,041 0.48 +0.07
Total 2,091,762 31 +2
Valid votes 2,091,762 97.84 +0.12
Invalid votes 46,222 2.16 −0.12
Votes cast / turnout 2,137,984 76.40 −7.63
Abstentions 660,449 23.60 +7.63
Registered voters 2,798,433
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Autonomous cities

Ceuta

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Ceuta →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 10,937 45.23 −0.31 1 ±0
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 8,788 36.34 +6.47 0 ±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 1,928 7.97 +0.15 0 ±0
Candidacy for Autonomy (CA) 758 3.13 New 0 ±0
Electoral Group–Independent Group of Ceuta (AE–AIC) 601 2.49 New 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 499 2.06 New 0 ±0
United Left (IU)2 351 1.45 +0.72 0 ±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 117 0.48 −0.05 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 66 0.27 +0.20 0 ±0
Blank ballots 136 0.56 +0.10
Total 24,181 1 ±0
Valid votes 24,181 98.66 −0.09
Invalid votes 329 1.34 +0.09
Votes cast / turnout 24,510 56.70 −15.59
Abstentions 18,720 43.30 +15.59
Registered voters 43,230
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Melilla

← Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Melilla →
Parties and alliances Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 9,082 45.94 +19.51 1 +1
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) 7,048 35.65 −13.34 0 −1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 2,218 11.22 +3.53 0 ±0
United Left (IU) 549 2.78 New 0 ±0
Democratic Reformist Party (PRD) 465 2.35 New 0 ±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 118 0.60 +0.29 0 ±0
Blank ballots 289 1.46 +0.74
Total 19,769 1 ±0
Valid votes 19,769 98.88 −0.09
Invalid votes 224 1.12 +0.09
Votes cast / turnout 19,993 59.98 −10.52
Abstentions 13,337 40.02 +10.52
Registered voters 33,330
Sources[10][11]
Footnotes:

Notes

  1. ^ The autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla would not be constituted as independent administrative entities until 1995.

References

  1. ^ "Resultados de Congreso 22 de junio de 1986" (in Spanish). elDiario.es. Retrieved 26 July 2025.
  2. ^ Constitution (1978), art. 68.
  3. ^ LOREG (1985), arts. 162–164.
  4. ^ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Dublin: Trinity College Dublin. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  5. ^ Real Decreto 794/1986, de 22 de abril, de disolución del Congreso de los Diputados y del Senado y de convocatoria de elecciones (PDF) (Royal Decree 794/1986). Official State Gazette (in Spanish). 22 April 1986. Retrieved 18 August 2025.
  6. ^ LOREG (1985), arts. 46, 48, 164, 166 & 170–171.
  7. ^ LOREG (1985), arts. 2–3.
  8. ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
  9. ^ LOREG (1985), arts. 44 & 169.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales" (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 15 April 2022.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Lozano, Carles. "Elecciones Generales 22 de junio de 1986". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2025.
  12. ^ "Resumen de los resultados de las elecciones para el Congreso de los Diputados celebradas el día 22 de junio de 1986, según los datos que figuran en las actas de escrutinio general remitidas por cada una de las Juntas Electorales Provinciales" (PDF). Official State Gazette (in Spanish) (184): 27470–27492. 2 August 1986. ISSN 0212-033X. Retrieved 19 October 2025.

Bibliography

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is available under Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.